第1題In1975,pediatricianKarenTeelsuggestedthathospital“ethicscommittees”couldbeestablishedtoaddressethicalquestionsinhealthcare.(

)第2題Aprocessofmoralnegotiationandcompromisemayachieveagreementonajointcourseofactionthatisnotoptimalforeitherparty,butthatdoesenablethepartiestoworktogethertoachievesharedgoals.()第3題VirtueethicsdescendsfromtheclassicalGreektraditionrepresentedbyHippocratesandAristotle.(

)第4題Whenculture-baseddisagreementsariseinhealthcare,moralnegotiationisthebestsolutionbecauseitdoesn'thaveanyweaknesses.()第5題Itisimportantforyoutoknowthebasicsofethicsandlawastheyapplytohealthcare,soyoucanrecognizeandavoidthosesituationsthatmightputyouatriskoflegalliability.()第6題Methodsforresolvingmoralconflictsinclude(

).ARationalargumentBMoralpersuasionCNegotiationandcompromiseDAgreeingtodisagree正確答案：ABCD第7題Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmoralrelativismareappropriateorreasonable?()AThereisnolegitimatewaytoevaluateorcriticizethemoralbeliefsofanotherculture.Eachculture’smoralbeliefsarevalidforthatculture.BMoralrelativistsobviouslyshowsubstantialrespectforanddeferencetowardthemoralbeliefsofpersonsofdifferentcultures.CAccordingtomoralrelativism,femalecircumcisionisjustifiedinAfrica.DTherelativisticpositionmayunderestimateourabilitytomakeanddefendcross-culturalmoraljudgments.正確答案：ABCD第8題ModernMedicalEthicsincludessomecharacteristics.WhichdoesnotbelongtoacharacteristicofModernMedicalEthics?()ABio-psycho-socialmedicinemodehasbeenestablished.BMedicinebecomesacollectiveandsocialenterprise.CIttalksaboutnotonlyphysician-patientrelationship,butalsoallkindsofcomplexmoralrelationshipandethicalprinciplesandnormswhichareinterrelatedwithlife.DThemedicalassociationregulatesthebehaviorofdoctors.正確答案：AC第9題Knowledgeofethicsandlawcanalsohelpyougainperspectiveinthefollowingthreeareas.Thesethreeareasinclude().ATherights,responsibilities,andconcernsofpatients.BTheethicalandlegalissuesfacingsociety,patients,andhealthcarepractitionersastheworldchanges.CTheimpactofrisingcostsontheethicsandlawsofhealthcaredelivery.DThedevelopmentofmedicaltechnology正確答案：ABC第10題Alongwiththelatestmedicaltechnologywasputintoclinicalpractice,manyethicalproblemsappeared.AftertheQuinlancase,a“new”subjectappears:(

).AMedicalethicsBBioethicsCVirtueethicsDNormativeethics第11題Averydifferenttypeofcommittee,called(),wasmandatedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth()in1966forallinstitutionsconductingfederallyfundedresearchonhumansubjects.AtheAdmissionsandPolicyCommitteeBaninstitutionalreviewboard(IRB)Ca“medical-moral”committeeDahospitalethicscommittee第12題“Myculture’smoralbeliefsaretrueandmustthereforeberespected;otherculturalbeliefs(insofarastheydisagreewithmine)arefalseandmaybedisregarded.”Theassertionbelongstotheviewpointof(

).AmoralimperialismBmoralrelativismCmoralnegotiationDmoralpersuasion第13題TheHippocraticOathbelongsto().AdescriptiveethicsBmeta-ethicsCnormativeethicsDvirtueethics第14題Thereisatypeofethicswhichisthestudyofwhatethicaltermsactuallyrefertoandalsothephilosophicalstudyofquestionsaboutthenatureofethicaljudgment.Thistypeofethicsis().AdescriptiveethicsBmeta-ethicsCnormativeethicsDvirtueethics第1題Therightnessorwrongnessoftheactdependsonitsintrinsicnatureandnottheoutcomeoftheact.Thisviewbelongsto(

).ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第2題Intellectualpleasuresarebetterthansensualones.Whotriedtoprovethisassertion?()ASocratesBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDMaslow第3題Ratherthanfocusingondecisionmakingorreasoningtoarriveatarightaction,()focusesonthetraits,characteristics,andvirtuesthatamoralpersonshouldhave.ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第4題“Treateverypersonasanendandneversolelyasameans.”Thisquotecomesfrom().AAristoleBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDImmanuelKant第5題Accordingtovirtueethics,only()willbeabletodecidewhethertorevealthefulltruthtoaseverelyillpatientandaccepttheriskofthepatient’sseveredepressionAatechnician,BamedicalassistantCanexperiencedphysicianDanurse第6題Themainadvantageof()isthatitincludeshumanrelations,andindeedgivesacentralpositiontothem,afactorthathasadecisiveroleinthepracticalreasoningofallofus.ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第7題TheclassicaloriginsofUtilitarianismarefoundinthewritingsof

(

).ASocratesBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDMaslow正確答案：BC第8題Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdeontologyareright?(

)ATheGoldenRule(“dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou”)isoftencitedinsupportofduty-orientedtheory.BAbasicmissionofdeontologyistoregulatethepeople’sactions.CThedeontologyinmedicalethicscentersontheresponsibilityandobligation.DItislimitedtoonlytakethedeontologyasthetheoreticalbasisandanalyticalmethodofmedicalethics,becausethedeontologyistooabsolute.正確答案：ABCD第9題AccordingtoBentham,weshouldconsidernotonlythequantityofhappinessbutalsothequalityofhappiness.(

)第10題Theprincipleofutility,alsocalledthe“greatesthappinessprinciple”,meansthat“thoseactionsarerightthatproducethegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumberofpeople”.

(

)第11題Itisessentialtoemphasizethatanactshouldnotbevaluedonlybyconsideringitsconsequences.(

)第12題Inrule-utilitarianism,apersonmakesvaluedecisionsbasedonresultsthatwillproducethegreatestbalanceofgoodoverevil,everyoneconsidered.(

)第13題Inthefieldofinfectiousdiseases,utilitarianismalsoplaysanimportantrole.Toprotectthehealthofthevastmajorityofpeople,weneedtorestrictthepersonalfreedomsofthosewhoareinfected.()

Chapter3Test第1題Distributionofmedicalcareisbestregulatedbythemarket.Medicaltreatmentisnotaright,andtheidealmedicalsystemshouldbeprivatized.Thisviewbelongsto(

).AUtilitariantheoriesBLibertariantheoriesCEgalitariantheoriesDCommunitariantheories第2題Scholarshavedevelopedandrecommendedsomeapproachestoaddressingandresolvingmoralquestionsinhealthcare.Whodevelopedasystematic,rule-basedapproach?()ATheologianAlbertJonsenBPhilosopherBernardGertCPhilosopherStephenToulminDPhilosopher-physician

TristramEngelhardt第3題TheBelmontReportidentifiesthreefundamentalethical

principlesforallhumansubjectresearch–().

ArespectforpersonsBdonoharmCbeneficenceDjustice正確答案：ACD第4題Moraldeliberationinhealthcareshouldbeginwiththeseparadigmcasesasexamplesandshouldreasonbyanalogyfromthesecasesinordertoresolvequestionsposedbynewcases.Whichscholararticulatedordefendedthisview?(

)ATheologianAlbertJonsenBPhilosopherBernardGertCPhilosopherStephenToulminDPhilosopher-physician

TristramEngelhardt正確答案：AC第5題Ingeneral,Rulessupportedbytheprincipleofnonmaleficenceareasfollows:().ADonokill.BDonotcausepainorsuffering.CDonotincapacitate.DDonotcauseoffense.正確答案：ABCD第6題Therearecasesinwhichthepatientsmaybeclinicallyinjured.Whichviolatestheprincipleofnonmaleficence?(

)Amedicalpersonnel’slowlevelofknowledgeandskillsBdiscrimination,insults,abuseofpatientsortheirfamiliesCnecessaryexaminationortreatmentpurposesDignoringthepatients,carelessness正確答案：ABD第7題Thepositivesidesofrespectforautonomyinclude().ATellthetruthBRespecttheprivacyofpatientsCProtectconfidentialinformationofpatientsDObtainconsentforinterventionswithpatients正確答案：ABCD第8題TheprincipleofnonmaleficencecanbefoundintheGreekwritingsonmedicineattributedtoHippocrates.()第9題A“postmodern”approach(theprincipleofpermission)appliesto“moralfriends.”()第10題Theprincipleofnonmaleficenceandtheprincipleofbeneficencemustbefollowedunconditionally.()第11題TheadvantageofLibertariantheories:everyoneshouldtakeresponsibilityforhisownhealth.Itishelpfultosavehealthresources.()第12題Ingeneral,Westernmedicinedeferstothewishesofamentallycompetentpatienttomakehisowndecisions.(

)第13題Ourobligationstorespectautonomydonotextendtopersonswhocannotactinasufficientlyautonomousmannerbecausetheyareimmature,ignorant,coerced,orexploited.(

)第14題Aristotle,anancientGreecephilosopher,broughtouttheformalprincipleofjustice,equalsmustbetreatedequally,andunequalmustbetreatedunequally.

(

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Chapter4Test第1題Patientswithoutdecision-makingcapacitycannotexpressoractivelypursuetheirinterests,buttheystillhaveimportantinterests.Whenthelossofdecision-makingcapacitymaybetemporaryandtreatmentisnoturgentlyneeded,whatshoulddoctorsdo?(

)Anoconsent,notreatment!Bwaitforthepatienttoregaindecision-makingcapacity!Cletthephysiciandecide!Didentifyasurrogatedecision-maker!第2題Whichstatementaboutinformedconsentisreasonable?()AToprovideinformationaboutharmsthatareveryminorBPhysicians,aswellasfamilymembers,mayseektopersuadethepatienttoacceptthisrecommendationClimitingtheinformationsharedwiththepatientDtakingadvantageofaparticularfearofthepatient第3題AdoctortoldawomanthatherhusbandwasinfectedwithHIVandtobeawareoftherisksofsexualrelations.Whichofthefollowingstatementsjustifiesthedoctor'sactions?()AThedoctorinvadedthepatient'sprivacyBAphysicianshallsafeguardpatientconfidencesandprivacyCProfessionaldutyoftencitedtojustifyoverridingpatientprivacyandconfidentialityinparticularcircumstancesisthedutytoprotectthirdpartiesfromharm.DAdutythatmaybeinvokedtooverridepatientprivacyandconfidentialityisthedutytoprotectpatientsthemselvesfromharm.第4題MoralgroundsforaffirmingaprofessionaldutytorespectpatientprivacyandconfidentialitycanbefoundinseveralofthefoundationalprinciplesofbioethicsarticulatedbyBeauchampandChildress,including

(

).ArespectforautonomyBbeneficenceCnonmaleficenceDjustice正確答案：ABC第5題Therearelawsinmostjurisdictionsthatrequirehealthcareprofessionalstoreportvariouskindsofpersonalhealthinformation,including().AdiagnosesofseriouscommunicablediseasesBmedicalfindingsthatsuggestabuseorneglectofchildrenCgunshotandknifewoundsDpoisonings正確答案：ABCD第6題Severalexceptionstothedutytoobtainapatient’sconsenttotreatmentaremorallydefensible,including().AexceptionsforemergencytreatmentBforpatientswholackdecision-makingcapacityCforpatientwaiverofconsentDforpublichealthrequirements正確答案：ABCD第7題Whetherit'sgoodnewsorbadnews,doctorsmusttellthepatientdirectly.Truthfulnessisabasicresponsibilityofhealthcareprofessionals,whichispopularin().ANorthAmericaBWesternEuropeCChinaDJapan正確答案：AB第8題Inorderforapatienttoprovideaninformedconsenttomedicaltreatment,threeessentialelementsmustbepresent.Threeessentialelementsinclude(

).ADecision-makingcapacityBAppropriateinformationdisclosureCVoluntarychoiceDTofollowmedicaladvice正確答案：ABC第9題Thesurrogate’sauthoritytomakemedicaldecisionsshouldbeabsolute.(

)第10題Informationalprivacyreferstoimportantpersonalinterestsinmakingandcarryingoutdecisionsaboutone’sownlifewithoutinterferencefromothers.()第11題Avoluntarychoicemeansachoicefreefromanyinfluencesintheinformedconsentprocess.(

)第12題Physicianshaveexpertknowledgeabouttheprobablebenefitsandrisksofdifferenttreatments,sothereisnotnecessarytotakepatientopinionintoaccountinmedicaldecisions.()第13題Patientshavearighttotheirownhealth-relatedinformation,buttheymaywaivethatright.()第14題Howmuchinformationmustbecommunicatedtothepatient?Theprofessionalstandardwhichreliesoncustomaryprofessionalpracticeisapatient-orientedapproach.()

Chapter5Test第1題Whichistheworld’smostpopulouscountry?().AIndiaBJapanCUnitedStatesDChina第2題Herearesomestatementsaboutassistedreproduction.Whichoneiswrong?()AIntheUnitedKingdom,theHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAuthority(HFEA),inspectsandlicensesallfertilityclinics.BIntheUnitedStates,thereislessfederalregulationandnogovernmentalagencydevotedexclusivelytooversightoffertilityclinicsorARTs.CTheUnitedStatesreliesheavilyonprofessionalself-regulationofARTs,suchas,theAmericanSocietyforReproductiveMedicine(ASRM).DInUS,someprofessionalassociationslikeASRMcancompelphysicianstoadheretotheirguidelines.第3題Theoriginalpurposeofassistedreproductivetechnology(thefirsttesttubebaby-LouisBrown)wastohelp().AInfertilecouplesBindividualswithoutsexualpartnersCgayDWomenwhodon'twanttobeartheburdenofchildbirth第4題Assistedreproductivetechnologycausesanumberofethicalquestions,including().AARTsdestroynaturalprinciples/law.BARTsbringonconfusionofhumanethicalrelations.CARTscompensateinfertilecouplesfortheirdesiretohavechildrenDAdoctorusedhisspermtohelpmanyinfertilecouples.正確答案：ABD第5題Thereasonswhymanypeoplechoosetohavechildrenarewellknown,theyinclude().AarecognitionoftheintrinsicvalueofhumanlifeBadesiretoexperiencethedistinctiveparent-childrelationshipCaninterestinpassingonone’sgeneticorculturalheritageDahopeforsupportfromone’schildreninone’soldage正確答案：ABCD第6題Weneedtodevelopsomemechanismtolimitonprofessionalconscientiousobjection.Theyinclude().ACommonlawandprofessionallicensureboardsmayestablishstandardsofpracticethatpermitorprohibitconscientiousrefusaloftreatmentinparticularcirtumstances.BHealthcareprofessionalassociationsmayadoptexplicitpoliciesorguidelinesthatendorseorrejectprofessionalrightstoconscientiousobjectioninparticularcircumstances.CHospitalsorhealthcaresystems,mayalsoadoptinstitutionalpolicestodirectthedecisionsandactionsoftheprofessionalstheyemploy.DDoctors'ownbeliefsandvaluesguidetheirownactions.正確答案：ABC第7題Galtonfirstusedthewordeugenicinhis1883InquiriesintoHumanFacultyandItsDevelopment.(

)第8題InChinaregulationsofthehealthadministrationprohibitmedicalstafffromcarryingoutsurrogacynow.(

)第9題RobertEdwards,theBritishphysiologistknownasthefatherofIVF,wontheNobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicineonOctober4,2010.(

)第10題AccordingtoethicalprinciplesofARTS,donors(Someonewhodonatesspermoreggs)haverighttoknowinformationaboutfuturechildren.()第11題Procreationisabasichumanright,sosocietyshouldhelppeopletoreceiveARTservices,regardlessoftheirfinancialability(toprovideasafeandnurturingenvironmentforchildren).()第12題Negativerights(toreproductivefreedom)createdutiesofforbearanceinotherpeople,thatis,dutiesnottointerferewiththeactionsoftherights-bearers.()第13題Thepatientdecideshowmanyembryostotransferinacycle.()第14題Theconceptofconscientiousobjectionisoftenlimitedtosituationsinwhichahealthcareprofessionalrefusestoprovidearequestedservicebecausethatactionwouldviolateapersonalmoralbelief,as,forexample,abeliefthatinducedabortionisanunjustifiedkindofkilling.()Chapter6Test第1題Braindeathmeans(

).Anobreathing,noheartbeatBtotalbraindeathCpersistentvegetativestateDcoma第2題Inclinicalpractice,braindeathisgraduallyreplacingcardiopulmonarydeath.Themainreasonis(

).AItcanhelpfultojudgedeathscientificallyandmaintainthelifedignityofpatient.BItishelpfultoutilizelimitedthehealthresourcesinareasonableandeffectivemanner.CItishelpfultopromotethedevelopmentoforgantransplantation.DItishelpfultotheapplicationofnewmedicaltechnology.第3題Theadvocateandpractitionerofphysician-assistedsuicideinUSis(

).AFrancisBaconBD.HumeCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders第4題Thereisanauthorityinthefieldofdeathanddying,whowasthefirsttolistanddescribethecopingmechanismsofpeoplewhogrieve.Thisauthorityis(

).AFrancisBaconBElisabethKubler-RossCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders第5題Thebasicelementsofeuthanasiainclude().AwhoisgoingtodiesoonanywayBattheperson’sownrequestCasanactofkindnessDwiththehelpoffamilymembers正確答案：ABC第6題Sincethe17thcentury,peoplemoreandmorethinkthattheeuthanasiaistoletthepatientsdieorevenacceleratetheirdeaththroughthemedicalmeasures.

Thosewhosupportthisviewinclude().AFrancisBaconBD.HumeCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders正確答案：ABC第7題Theargumentsagainsteuthanasiainclude().ASeveralleadingreligioustraditionsassertthathumanauthoritydoesnotcontroloverlifeanddeathbelongsinsteadtoGod.BLegalizationofeuthanasiaandphysician-assistedsuicidewouldenablephysiciansandothercaregiverstoendthelivesofvulnerablepatients.CPhysicianparticipationineuthanasiaandassistedsuicidewouldunderminepatienttrustintheirphysicians’intentions.DTheeuthanasiamayhinderthedevelopmentofmedicine.正確答案：ABCD第8題Likeadvancedirectives,therearetwomaintypesofportablephysicianorders.Theyare(

).ALivingwillsB“Physician’sOrdersforLife-SustainingTreatment”Ctheportabledonotresuscitate(DNR)orderDa“healthcarepowerofattorney”(HCPOA)正確答案：BC第9題Thereareconflictsovercareneartheendoflife.Internalmoralconflicts(withinasingleindividual)abouttreatmentinclude(

).Apursuitofthegoalofprolonginglifebymeansofadifficultcourseoftreatment,versusenhancementofthequalityofone’slifebyforgoingthatcourseoftreatment.Benduringpaincausedbyadvanceddiseaseinordertoremainalertandresponsivetoothers,versusacceptingsedationtomanagepainCrelianceonlovedonestoprovideneededassistancewithtreatmentandactivitiesofdailyliving,versusforgoinglife-prolongingtreatmentinordertorelievelovedonesoftheburdensofcaregivingDtrustinthetreatmentrecommendationsofone’sprofessionalcaregivers,versussuspicionoftheintentionsofthosecaregivers.正確答案：ABCD第10題Whydoconflictsfrequentlyarisebetweenpatientsortheirsurrogatesandhealthcareprofessionalsovertreatmentneattheendoflife?Thecausesoftheseconflictsinclude(

).ACognitive(knowledge-based)causesBAffective(feeling-based)causesCNormative(value-based)causesDExternalcauses正確答案：ABCD第11題Aboutrespondingtocognitivecausesofconflict,herearesomerecommendationsfromexpertclinicians.Theyare().ABeginbyaskingthepatientorsurrogatewhatheorsheunderstandsorhasbeentold;responsescanrevealwhatheorshedoesanddoesn’tunderstandandcanprovidecuesforfurtherdiscussion.BProfessionalscanexpressawarenessofandconcernforthepatient’sfeelings,as,forexample,inthefollowingwords:“Thismustbeverydifficultforyou,”or“Iwishthenewsweredifferent.”CPhysiciansmayconsidertheriskofaprofessionalliabilityjudgmentagainstthemintheirclinicaljudgments,buttheyshouldbecarefulnottooverestimatethatrisktotheirpatients.DUsesimple,non-technicallanguage.正確答案：AD第12題Apairofseminal1997USSupremeCourtdecisionsrejectedtheclaimthatassistanceinsuicideisabasicconstitutionalrightandallowedindividualstatestodecideitslegalstatuswithintheirborders.()第13題Technically,KarenAnnQuinlan'sdeathbelongstopassiveeuthanasia.(

)第14題Thepurposeofhospicecareistoprolongthepatients'survivaltime,andtoimprovethelifequalityofpatientsattheendoflife.()

Chapter7Test第1題Voluntaryorgandonationbyhealthypeopleisanobleact,whichisacarefullycircumscribedprincipleofreasonableself-sacrifice.Thisviewcomesfrom(

).AJosephMurrayBJohnMerrillCPaulRamseyDArthurCaplan第2題Althoughorgantransplantationisanewlife-savingmedicaltechnology,weshoulduseitcarefully.Forthefollowingreasons:(

).ATransplantationdoesnotcuretheunderlyingdiseasethatcausedtheoriginalorganfailure.BSometransplantorgansneverfunctionandmostdofaileventually.CTransplantpatientsmustadheretoalife-longregimenofimmunosuppressivedrugstopreventrejectionofthetransplantorgan,andthosedrugshavevariousside-effectsandcomplications.DTransplantationanditsassociatedsupportivetherapiesarerelativelycostly.正確答案：ABCD第3題VoluntarydonationfromlivingdonorsinChinaappliesto(

).Aspouse(onlyformorethan3yearsofmarriageorhavingchildrenaftermarriage)Brelativebybloodwithinthreegenerations(nextofkin)CThereisanevidencetoprovetherelationshipsformedbythesupportofperson(adoptiveparentsandadoptedchildren,step-parentsandstep-children).Dstrangerrelation正確答案：ABC第4題Manycountriesbanthesaleoforgans.Thedrawbacksoforgantraffickinginclude().AItunderminesthespecialdignityandmoralworthofhumanlife.BAllowingorgansaleswillexploitorcoerceindigentpeople.CThenumberofaltruisticorgandonorsmaydecrease.DIntheillegalblackmarket,thedonorsmaynotgetsufficientafter-operationcare.正確答案：ABCD第5題Equity-basedcriteriainorganallocationsystemsincludethefollowing:

(

).AurgencyBwaitingtimeCorgansizematchingDpriorlivingdonors正確答案：ABD第6題CriteriaforadditiontoatransplantwaitinglistCommonlyinclude().Aadiagnosisofend-stageorganfailure(toestablishtheneedfortransplantation)Babsenceofactiveinfection,malignancy,orothermajorillness(becausetheseconditionswouldmakesurgerytooriskyorwouldlimitpatientsurvivalaftertransplantation)Cabilitytoadheretopost-transplantimmunosuppressivetherapy(becausethattherapyisessentialfortransplantorgansurvivalandfunction)Dabilitytoabstainfromunhealthybehaviors(becausesmokingandalcoholordrugabusewouldthreatenorganandpatientsurvivalaftertransplantation)正確答案：ABCD第7題TherearenoethicalissueswithAutografttransplantation.(

)第8題InthestateofNorthCarolina,forexample,2007legislationrecognizedanexpressionofwillingnesstobeanorgandonormadewhenobtainingorrenewingadriver’slicenseaslegalconsent.()第9題Harvestingorgansfromexecutedcriminalsisethical.

()第10題Jewishreligiouslawhadfromancienttimesforbiddenthemutilationofthehumanbody,includingmutilationofthecadaver,evenforpurposesofautopsy.()第11題Presumedconsentturnstobesomewhatincompatiblewiththemedicalethicsprincipleofautonomy.()第12題Xenotransplantationisapossiblelong-termresponsetotheproblemoforganscarcity,butnotashort-termsolution.()第13題TheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,andmostotherEnglish-speakingnationsrequireinformedconsenttoorgandonationafterdeath,eitherfirst-personprospectiveconsentorconsentbyasurrogateatthetimeofdonation.(

)

第14題Additionalorganallocationcriteriacanbedefendedusingbothutilityandequityarguments.These“mixed”criteriaincludethefollowing:geographicproximityandgender.()

Chapter8Test第1題AftertheTuskegeesyphilisexperiment,in1974Congresspassed(

),toprovideforprotectionofhuman