Session3&4

UnderstandingCulture,Environment&PoliticalEconomy

理解文化,環(huán)境和政治經(jīng)濟(第3章)Socialstructure,religiousandethicalsystems社會結(jié)構(gòu),宗教和道德體系Language,educationandtheworkplace語言,教育和工作場所Physicalenvironment實際環(huán)境Politicaleconomy政治經(jīng)濟Changesinculture,environment,andpoliticaleconomyafterthe2ndWorldWar二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,文化,環(huán)境和政治經(jīng)濟上的改變Implicationsforbusiness對商務(wù)活動的影響1whyiscultureimportant

為什么文化是重要的Cross-culturalliteracyisrequiredtoconductbusinesssuccessfully 業(yè)務(wù)的成功需要有跨文化的意識relationshipbetweencultureandcostsofdoingbusiness 文化與商業(yè)操作成本之間的關(guān)系J3&4Feb022026/1/292Definingculture文化的定義(P63-65)Asystemofvaluesandnormsthataresharedamongagroupofpeopleandthatwhentakentogetherconstituteadesignforliving 一群人所共享的價值觀及準(zhǔn)則的體系，以及由它們一起所構(gòu)成的生活方式value,norms,folkways,mores

價值觀，準(zhǔn)則，社會習(xí)俗，傳統(tǒng)cultureandnationstate;levelsofculture

文化，民族國家;文化層次determinantsofculture文化的決定因素(P65)J3&4Feb022026/1/293Socialstructure社會結(jié)構(gòu)(P66)Individual&group個人和群體(P66)socialstrataandmobility社會等級和流動性(P67-68)caste,class,classconsciousness社會等級，階層(階級制度)，階級意識(P68-69)dynamicstructure動態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)J3&4Feb022026/1/294Religiousandethicalsystems

宗教和道德體系

(P69)Religion:asystemofsharedbeliefsandritualsthatareconcernedwiththerealmofthesacred宗教：在教義的范圍內(nèi)，共享信仰與儀式的體制ethicalsystem:moralprinciples,orvalues,thatareusedtoguideandshapebehaviour道德體系：用于引導(dǎo)和改變行為的精神原理和價值觀majorreligions&theireconomicimplications主要宗教和它們的經(jīng)濟暗示(對經(jīng)濟的影響)J3&4Feb022026/1/295Education教育(P77)Formalandinformaleducationsystems正式和非正式教育體系Nationalcompetitiveadvantage國家的競爭優(yōu)勢humanresource,promotionmaterials,andproductsrelatedtoeducation

人力資源，促銷材料，以及與教育有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品J3&4Feb022026/1/296Cultureandtheworkplace文化和工作場所(P78)Culture-values-workplace文化–價值–工作場所Hofstede:powerdistance,individualism&collectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,masculinity&femininity霍夫施泰德：能力差距，個人主義與集體主義，不確定性可避免程度，男權(quán)主義和女權(quán)主義(P79)westernstereotype;mono&multiculturalsociety西方模式：單一和多文化社會J3&4Feb022026/1/297Culturalchange文化變革(P82)Culturechangeswitheconomicgrowth,globalisation,lifestyle,politicalandenvironmentalfactors,etc 文化隨著經(jīng)濟增長、全球一體化、生活方式，政治和環(huán)境等因素的改變而改變J3&4Feb022026/1/298CaseStudy–DisneyinFranceClosingcase,Chapter3–DisneyinFranceFormintostudygroupsof4–5people.Take40minutestoundertakethecasestudyandanswerQuestions1–3.Bepreparedtopresentyourgroup’sfindingstotheclass.J3&4Feb022026/1/299CaseStudy–DisneyinFranceWhatassumptionsdidDisneymakeaboutthetastesandpreferencesofFrenchconsumers?

迪斯尼公司對法國消費者的口味和偏好作了哪些假設(shè)？HowmightDisneyhavehadamorefavourableinitialexperienceinFrance?WhatstepsmightithavetakentoreducethemistakesassociatedwiththelaunchofEuro-Disney? 迪斯尼本應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣做才能在法國取得良好的開端？應(yīng)采取哪些措施以減少啟動歐洲迪斯尼項目所造成的失誤？Inretrospect,wasFrancethebestchoiceforthelocationofEuro-Disney? 回頭來看，法國是建立歐洲迪斯尼樂園的最佳地點么？J3&4Feb022026/1/2910Changesinthephysicalenvironment

實際環(huán)境中的變革Questforeconomicgrowthandaffluentlifestyle

探索經(jīng)濟增長和富足的生活方式的需求relationshiptoresourcescarcity,ThirdWorlddebt,internationalconflict,socialbreakdownandphysicalenvironmentaldamage. 資源稀缺的關(guān)系,第三世界的負債,國際沖突,社會的崩潰和現(xiàn)實環(huán)境的破壞ClubofRomewarnings-LimitstoGrowth 羅馬俱樂部的警示-增長的極限mineralresources,energy,food,礦產(chǎn)資源,能源,食品Kahnandthe“beliefinscience”response Kahn和對“科學(xué)的信念”的回應(yīng)J3&4Feb022026/1/2911EmblemsofEnvironmentalism

環(huán)境保護主義的標(biāo)志1890s:wilderness野生生態(tài)1900:countryside鄉(xiāng)村1930s:Soilerosion土壤污染1950s:smog煙霧1960s:chemicals化學(xué)藥品1970s:nuclear核能1980s:acidrain&ozone酸雨和臭氧1990s:globalwarming&biodiversity地球變暖和生物多樣性J3&4Feb022026/1/2912Ourunsustainableenvironment

我們的不可持續(xù)的環(huán)境theBoiledfrogsyndrome-globalwarming,acidrain,theozonehole,increasingultravioletradiation,pesticides,dioxins

青蛙溫水綜合癥-地球變暖,酸雨,臭氧洞,不斷增加的紫外線輻射,殺蟲劑,二氧化物Spreadofdiseases–malaria疾病的擴散-瘧疾Hownottoparachutemorecats!

如何才能不必再空降更多的貓!Acidrain:itsoriginsandeffects酸雨:其起源和影響Madcowdisease瘋牛病Ozonedepletion臭氧的消耗theMontrealProtocol蒙特列爾協(xié)議J3&4Feb022026/1/2913Balance?如何保持平衡?Biodiversityandpovertydistribution

生物多樣性和貧困的擴散swapfordebtprograms債務(wù)項目的轉(zhuǎn)換Ecologicalfootprint生態(tài)足跡1987:OurcommonFuture 1987年:我們共同的未來1992theEarthSummitinRio,Brazil:Agenda21 1992年,全球高峰會在巴西的里約熱內(nèi)盧:會議議程21條J3&4Feb022026/1/2914CountryDifferencesinPoliticalEconomy經(jīng)濟體制的國別差異(第2章)Thefocusisonhowpolitical,economicandlegalsystemsofcountriesdiffer.Thesesystemsconstitutethepoliticaleconomyofacountryandareinterdependent.重點在于各國政治,經(jīng)濟和法律體系的差異.這些體制統(tǒng)稱為一個國家的經(jīng)濟體制,而且它們之間是相互作用及依存的15PoliticalSystems政治體制

(第2章)Politicalsystem=systemofgovernmentofacountry政治體制=一個國家的政府體系2relateddimensions:collectivismvsindividualismanddemocraticvstotalitarian兩個相關(guān)的維度:集體主義

vs個人主義;民主政治

vs

集權(quán)主義Collectivism:socialism,communism,socialdemocracy,democraticsocialism集體主義:社會主義,共產(chǎn)主義,社會民主,民主社會主義Individualism個人主義Democracy:representativedemocracy民主政治:代表民主Totalitarianism:communist,theocratic,tribal,right-wing集權(quán)主義:共產(chǎn)主義者,神權(quán)政治,種族,右翼J3&4Feb022026/1/2916EconomicSystems經(jīng)濟制度(P41-42)Marketeconomy:interactionofsupplyanddemanddeterminesquantityofgoodsandservicesproduced市場經(jīng)濟:由供求關(guān)系決定商品的數(shù)量和所提供的服務(wù)Commandeconomy:goodsandservicesproduced,theirquantityandpricesplannedbygovernment指令性經(jīng)濟:指對于所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù),由政府計劃其數(shù)量和價格Mixedeconomy:somesectorsarelefttoprivateownershipandfreemarketmechanismsandothersarestate-ownedandcontrolled混合經(jīng)濟:指部分的經(jīng)濟部門存在著私有制和自由市場機制,而其它由政府控制State-directedeconomy:stateplaysasignificantroleindirectingprivateinvestmentactivitiesandregulatesbusinessactivityfornationalgoals政府指導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟:指政府按國家的目標(biāo),在指導(dǎo)私營投資活動和規(guī)范商業(yè)活動中扮演了一個非常重要的角色J3&4Feb022026/1/2917LegalSystems法律制度(P43-46)Majorlegalsystemsare:commonlaw,civillaw,socialistlaw,Islamiclaw,customarylaw主要的法律制度有:普通法,民法,社會法,伊斯蘭法規(guī),慣例Focuson3issues:propertyrights,productsafetyandcontractlaw強調(diào)3方面的問題:產(chǎn)權(quán),產(chǎn)品安全和合同法Propertyrights:privateaction,publicaction產(chǎn)權(quán):私人行為,公共行為Protectionofintellectualproperty:patents,copyrights,trademarks保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán):專利,版權(quán),商標(biāo)Productsafetyandproductliability產(chǎn)品安全和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任Contractlaw合同法J3&4Feb022026/1/2918DeterminantsofEconomicDevelopment

經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的決定因素(P46-50)Differencesineconomicdevelopment經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的差異Politicaleconomyandeconomicprogress:innovationistheengineofgrowth,innovationrequiresamarketeconomy,innovationrequiresstrongpropertyrights,requiredpoliticalsystem,economicprogressbegetsdemocracy政治經(jīng)濟體制與經(jīng)濟進步:創(chuàng)新是增長的發(fā)動機,創(chuàng)新要求市場經(jīng)濟體制,創(chuàng)新要求強有效的產(chǎn)權(quán)保護,要求政治體制,經(jīng)濟進步產(chǎn)生民主Otherdeterminantsofdevelopment:geographyandeducation其他的發(fā)展決定因素:地理因素和教育水平J3&4Feb022026/1/2919Statesintransition變遷狀態(tài)Thespreadofdemocracy民主的傳播Universalcivilisationoraclashofcivilisations? 全球文明或文明沖突? (a)FrancisFukuyama (b)SamuelHuntingtonThespreadofmarket-basedsystems市場基礎(chǔ)體制的傳播Thenatureofeconomictransformation:deregulation,privatisation,legalsystems,therockyroad 經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)換的性質(zhì):放松管制,私有化,法律體系,艱難的路程Implications影響J3&4Feb022026/1/2920Implicationsforbusiness1

對商務(wù)活動的影響1Crossculturalliteracy:appreciatenotonlydifferences,butalsowhatsuchdifferencesmeanforbusiness跨文化意識：不但清楚差距，而且知道這些差距對商務(wù)的意義culture&competitiveadvantage:choiceofcountriestodobusiness;competitors文化和競爭優(yōu)勢：選擇做生意的國家;競爭對手businessneedstobeawareoftheenvironmentalimplicationsofitsactivity商務(wù)活動需要了解由之所帶來的環(huán)境方面的影響J3&4Feb022026/1/29