直接引語與間接引語相互轉(zhuǎn)換的方法指導(dǎo)及練習(xí)題在日常交流與寫作中，我們常常需要引用他人的話語。直接引語能夠生動地再現(xiàn)原話，而間接引語（或稱轉(zhuǎn)述引語）則能更自然地將他人的意思融入到我們自己的敘述中。掌握這兩種引語形式的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，是提升語言運用靈活性和準(zhǔn)確性的重要環(huán)節(jié)。本文將系統(tǒng)梳理其轉(zhuǎn)換方法，并輔以練習(xí)，助您熟練掌握。一、直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語直接引語是直接引用他人的原話，通常置于引號之內(nèi)，并伴有引導(dǎo)語（如“他說”、“她問道”等）。轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，需要將原話的意思用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述出來，使其成為主句的一個賓語從句（或其他相應(yīng)從句）。核心在于根據(jù)語境調(diào)整人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等。（一）陳述句的轉(zhuǎn)換1.引導(dǎo)詞：常用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，that在口語中或非正式文體中常可省略。*直接：Shesaid,“Iamveryhappy.”*間接：Shesaid(that)shewasveryhappy.2.人稱代詞的變化：需根據(jù)主句的主語和賓語（即說話人、聽話人及被談?wù)搶ο蟮年P(guān)系）進(jìn)行調(diào)整，遵循“一隨主，二隨賓，三不變”的基本原則。*“一隨主”：直接引語中的第一人稱（I,we,my,our等），在間接引語中要隨主句主語的人稱變化。*直接：Hesaid,“Iwillgotothepark.”*間接：Hesaid(that)hewouldgotothepark.(I隨主句主語He變?yōu)閔e)*“二隨賓”：直接引語中的第二人稱（you,your等），在間接引語中要隨主句的賓語（若主句無賓語，則根據(jù)語境或聽話人）變化。*直接：Shesaidtome,“Youaremybestfriend.”*間接：Shetoldme(that)Iwasherbestfriend.(You隨主句賓語me變?yōu)镮)*“三不變”：直接引語中的第三人稱（he,she,it,they,his,her,their等），在間接引語中一般保持不變。*直接：Tomsaid,“Sheisaclevergirl.”*間接：Tomsaid(that)shewasaclevergirl.(She保持不變)3.時態(tài)的變化：當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)（如said,told,asked等）時，間接引語中的時態(tài)通常要“倒退”一步，即：*一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時*直接：Hesaid,“Ilikeapples.”*間接：Hesaid(that)helikedapples.*現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時→過去進(jìn)行時*直接：Shesaid,“Iamreadingabook.”*間接：Shesaid(that)shewasreadingabook.*現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時*直接：Theysaid,“Wehavefinishedthework.”*間接：Theysaid(that)theyhadfinishedthework.*一般過去時→過去完成時(若強調(diào)動作的先后關(guān)系)或保持一般過去時(若只是單純轉(zhuǎn)述過去發(fā)生的事，且上下文時間明確)*直接：Hesaid,“Imetheryesterday.”*間接：Hesaid(that)hehadmetherthedaybefore./Hesaid(that)hemetheryesterday.(后者在口語中更常見，尤其是當(dāng)有明確過去時間狀語時)*一般將來時→過去將來時(would/was/weregoingto)*注意：*如果直接引語陳述的是客觀真理、永恒不變的事實或習(xí)慣性動作，間接引語的時態(tài)可以保持不變。*直接：Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”*間接：Theteachersaid(that)theearthgoesaroundthesun.*如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)，間接引語的時態(tài)通常保持不變。*直接：Hesays,“Iambusynow.”*間接：Hesays(that)heisbusynow.4.指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語的變化：*指示代詞：this→that;these→those*直接：Shesaid,“Thisismypen.”*間接：Shesaid(that)thatwasherpen.*時間狀語：now→then;today→thatday;tonight→thatnight;tomorrow→thenextday/thefollowingday;yesterday→thedaybefore/thepreviousday;nextweek→thenextweek/thefollowingweek;lastyear→theyearbefore/thepreviousyear*直接：Hesaid,“Iwillleavetomorrow.”*間接：Hesaid(that)hewouldleavethenextday.*地點狀語：here→there*間接引語陳述句示例：Shesaid(that)heshouldgothere.（二）疑問句的轉(zhuǎn)換間接引語中的疑問句不再是獨立問句，而是作為主句的賓語從句，因此語序要用陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）。1.一般疑問句（用yes/no回答）：*引導(dǎo)詞：用if或whether引導(dǎo)。*語序：陳述語序。*時態(tài)、人稱、狀語等變化：同陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。*直接：Heasked,“DoyoulikeEnglish?”*間接：Heasked(me)if/whetherIlikedEnglish.2.特殊疑問句（用疑問詞回答）：*引導(dǎo)詞：用原句中的疑問詞（what,who,when,where,why,how等）引導(dǎo)。*語序：陳述語序。*時態(tài)、人稱、狀語等變化：同陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。*直接：Sheasked,“Whatisyourname?”*間接：Sheasked(me)whatmynamewas.*直接：Hesaidtoher,“Wheredidyougoyesterday?”*間接：Heaskedherwhereshehadgonethedaybefore.（三）祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)換1.肯定祈使句：轉(zhuǎn)換為“ask/tell/ordersb.todosth.”*直接：Theteachersaidtous,“Bequiet.”*間接：Theteachertoldustobequiet.*直接：Hesaidtome,“Openthedoor,please.”*間接：Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.2.否定祈使句：轉(zhuǎn)換為“ask/tell/ordersb.nottodosth.”(在不定式前加not)*直接：Shesaidtohim,“Don’tsmokehere.”*間接：Shetoldhimnottosmokethere.*直接：Thepolicemansaid,“Don’tparkyourcarhere.”*間接：Thepolicemanorderedusnottoparkourcarthere.二、間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語，是上述過程的逆操作。核心在于還原原話的語氣、人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞及狀語，并加上引號。1.確定引導(dǎo)詞：若間接引語由that引導(dǎo)（陳述句），轉(zhuǎn)換時that去掉，原話置于引號內(nèi)。若是if/whether或疑問詞引導(dǎo)（疑問句），則需將這些引導(dǎo)詞還原為原句的疑問語序。若是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（祈使句），則需還原為動詞原形開頭的祈使句。2.人稱代詞的逆向調(diào)整：根據(jù)間接引語中代詞所指代的對象，還原為直接引語中的人稱。通常是將間接引語中的第三人稱（he,she,they等）還原為直接引語中的第一或第二人稱（I,we,you等），具體需根據(jù)語境判斷。3.時態(tài)的逆向調(diào)整：若主句謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，間接引語中“倒退”了的時態(tài)需要“前進(jìn)”一步，恢復(fù)到原直接引語可能的時態(tài)。*間接：Hesaid(that)helikedapples.*直接：Hesaid,“Ilikeapples.”(liked→like)*間接：Shesaid(that)shewasreadingabook.*直接：Shesaid,“Iamreadingabook.”(wasreading→amreading)4.指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語的逆向調(diào)整：將間接引語中的that→this;those→these;then→now;there→here;thenextday→tomorrow等。*間接：Hesaid(that)hewouldleavethenextday.*直接：Hesaid,“Iwillleavetomorrow.”5.標(biāo)點符號：在原話前后加上引號“”，句末根據(jù)句子類型使用相應(yīng)標(biāo)點（句號、問號、感嘆號）。主句的引導(dǎo)語后常用逗號。*間接：Shetoldmethatshewashappy.*直接：Shesaidtome,“Iamhappy.”*間接：HeaskedifIcouldhelphim.*直接：Heasked,“Canyouhelpme?”*間接：Themothertoldhersonnottoplayinthestreet.*直接：Themothersaidtoherson,“Don’tplayinthestreet.”三、練習(xí)題（一）將下列直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語1.Tomsaid,“Iamgoingtovisitmygrandparentsnextweekend.”2.“Areyouinterestedinscience?”Maryaskedme.3.Theteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.”4.“Whatdidyoudolastnight?”myfatheraskedme.5.“Pleasepassmethesalt,”shesaidtoherhusband.6.Hesaid,“Ihavelivedinthiscityfortenyears.”7.“Don’ttouchtheexhibits,”theguidewarnedus.（二）將下列間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語1.Hetoldmethathehadfinishedhishomework.2.SheaskedTomifhecouldspeakFrench.3.Thedoctoradvisedhimthatheshouldtakemoreexercise.4.MymothersaidthatIwasagoodchild.5.Heaskedwhereshehadgonethedaybefore.6.ThebossorderedtheworkersthattheymustfinishthetaskbyFriday.7.Shetoldmenottoworryabouther.8.Hesaidthathewouldgotothecinemathatevening.四、練習(xí)題參考答案（部分）為了鼓勵獨立思考和練習(xí)，這里僅提供部分參考答案作為參考。（一）直接引語轉(zhuǎn)間接引語（部分參考）1