Text2TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyTransitions

Unit4EnergyandSustainabilitysimile

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todescribesomeoneorsomethingbycomparingitwithsomeoneorsomethingelsethatissimilar.metaphor:awordorphraseforonethingthatisusedtorefertoanotherthinginordertoshoworsuggestthattheyaresimilar.She’sasfierceasatiger.She’satigerwhenshe’sangry.RhetoricalDevice—AnalogyanalogyAcomparisonoftwothingsbasedontheirbeingalikeinsomewaye.g.He

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betweenflyingakiteandfishing.[=hecomparedflyingakitetofishing;hesaidthatflyingakitewaslikefishing]RhetoricalDevice—AnalogyAnanalogyisacomparisoninwhichanideaorathingiscomparedtoanotherthingthatisquitedifferentfromit.Itaimsatexplainingthatideaorthingbycomparingittosomethingthatisfamiliar.Metaphorsandsimilesaretoolsusedtodrawananalogy.Therefore,analogyismoreextensiveandelaboratethaneitherasimileorametaphor.RhetoricalDevice—Analogye.g.Thestructureofanatomislikeasolarsystem.Thenucleusisthesun,andelectronsaretheplanetsrevolvingaroundtheirsun.RhetoricalDevice—Analogy

GlobalReadingScanthetextandtalkaboutthetextstructureandthemainpoints.Introduction(Paras.1-3)Theimpossibilityofrapidenergytransition.MainBody(Paras.4-8)Threemomentumsofthecurrentenergysystemsmakeitimpossibleforarapidenergytransition.Conclusion(Paras.9-10)Theimportanceofunderstandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentum.DetailedReadingPara.1Whatexamplesaregiventoillustratetheconceptsofinertiaandmomentuminthefirstparagraph?DetailedReadingInertia:Ifyoutrytopushaboulder,itpushesyouback.DetailedReadingMomentum:Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum.Afootballplayermovingatspeedhasalotofmomentum.DetailedReading1.Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems:inertiaandmomentum.慣性和動量是物理學中運動物體的兩個屬性，可以幫助理解能源體系中的“動力學”。DetailedReading2.Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.define:todescribeorshowsthaccuratelyWeneedtodefinethetaskaheadveryclearly.

我們需要明確今后的任務。法官的權力是由法律規(guī)定的。Thepowersofajudgearedefinedbylaw.一旦你讓巨石滾動起來，它會產生動量，動量的大小是由它的質量和速度決定的。DetailedReading3.Momentumissaidtobe“conserved”,thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.toconserveenergy

節(jié)約能源(Tousecarefullyorsparingly,avoidingwaste)toconservewildlife

保護野生動物(Toprotectfromlossorharm;preserve)守恒

(Physics)Tokeep(aquantity)constantthroughphysicalorchemicalreactionsorevolutionarychangesTheideathatenergyisconservedisthefirstlawofthermodynamics.

能量守恒這一概念是熱力學的第一定律。動量被認為是守恒的；也就是說，動量一經產生，就必須釋放出來。DetailedReading4.Ifyouwanttochangehistrajectory,youhaveonlyafewchoices:Youcanintercepthim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergytoyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhistrajectory.如果你想改變他的運動路線，你只有幾個選擇：你可以攔截他，將其一部分動能轉移到你自己的身體上（可能很痛）；或者你可以貼近他，逐漸施加壓力以改變他的運動路線。DetailedReadingPara.2Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatasportsteamorapresidentialcampaignhasthe“BigMo”?The“BigMo”makesthemhardtostopordeflect.DetailedReadingWhetherit’sasportsteamorapresidentialcampaign,everybodyrelisheshavingthe“BigMo”,becauseitmakesthemhardertostopordeflect.relish:toenjoyortakepleasurein(something)Irelishtravelingtonewplaces.我喜歡到處旅游。Idon’trelishhavingtogetupsoearly.我可不樂意這么早就起床。

動量體現在運動隊或者總統(tǒng)競選中就是氣勢；每個人都渴望擁有這種氣勢，因為這種氣勢會讓他們勢不可擋。DetailedReadingInthisparagraphacomparisonismadebetweenourenergysystemsandanaircraftcarrier.Whatdotheyhaveincommon?(1)Theyareunbelievablyexpensive.(2)Theyarebuilttolastforaverylongtime.(3)Theyhaveahugeamountofinertia.(4)Theyhavealotofmomentumoncethey’resetinmotion.Para.3DetailedReadingPara.3Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime,orevenafewthousanddimes.turnonadime:usedtorefertoamaneuverthatcanbeperformedbyamovingvehicleorpersonwithinasmallareaorshortdistance在一個十分硬幣上打轉，指活動非常靈巧Myoldcarcanreallyturnonadime,justlikeoneofthoseexpensivesportscars.我那輛車開起來非常靈巧，就像那些價值昂貴的賽車那樣。對于能源系統(tǒng)這樣的巨輪而言，進行轉身調頭無論如何都不是一件輕而易舉的事情。DetailedReadingSummaryTheconceptsofinertiaandmomentumintheenergysystemmayhelpusunderstandhowitworks.Thecurrentenergysystemhasalotof(1)_________,whichmakesithardtostopordeflect;whereasanewenergysystem,withalotof(2)______,isashardtobesetinmotion.Part1momentuminertiaDetailedReadingPara.4Whatdoestechnologicalmomentummean?DetailedReadingPara.4Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.一種技術得到應用之后，其影響遠遠超出技術自身。Considertheincandescentbulb,acurrentobjectofhatredofmanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.以白熾燈泡為例。白熾燈泡是當前許多環(huán)保主義者和能源效率倡導者的仇恨對象。DetailedReadingPara.4deploy1）toputsomethingintouse;tostartusingsomethinginarealsituation投入使用ThecityhasdeployedAIcamerastoimprovetrafficmanagement.該城市部署了人工智能攝像頭來改善交通管理。2）tomovesoldiersorweaponsintoapositionwheretheyarereadyformilitaryaction部署，調度（軍隊或武器）2000troopsweredeployedinthearea.那個地區(qū)部署了2000人的部隊。Atleast5000missilesweredeployedalongtheborder.沿邊境至少部署了5000枚導彈。DetailedReadingPara.4Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.reveal:toshowsththatpreviouslycouldnotbeseenHelaughed,revealingalineofwhiteteeth.他笑了起來，露出一排潔白的牙齒。Thedooropened,revealingacozylittleroom.房門打開，一間溫暖舒適的小屋展現在眼前。今天在一家照明商店可以看到其選擇之多令人驚嘆。DetailedReadingPara.5ExamplesoflampsDetailedReadingPara.5Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures.Alightfixtureisanelectricaldevicethatcontainsanelectriclamp.Alllightfixtureshaveafixturebodyandoneormorelamps.Thelampsmaybeinsocketsforeasyreplacement,or,inthecaseofsomeLEDfixtures,hard-wiredinplace.所有這些專門的燈泡需要專門制作的燈具。DetailedReadingPara.6Andthere’smoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshavealsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.house:tofixorfit(apartorfitting),esp.inordertoprotectit安裝，放置Thegasmeterishousedinthecupboardunderthestairs.煤氣表安裝在樓梯底下的柜櫥里。DetailedReadingPara.6inaccordancewith1）accordingto,inawaythatfollows(something,suchasaruleorrequest)按照（作狀語）Hisfuneralwillbeprivate,inaccordancewithhiswishes.根據他的意愿，他的葬禮將私下舉行。2）=inaccordwithinaccordwith:inagreementwith與…一致（作表語）Thisactionwouldnotbeinaccordwithourpolicy.這一行動不會符合我們的方針。Theseresultsareinaccordwithearlierresearch.這些結果與早期研究相符。DetailedReadingPara.6Andthere’smoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshavealsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.還有，不僅安裝白熾燈泡的燈具的設計需要滿足其基本功能特點，而且房間和整個建筑物的設計也要符合白熾燈燈光在墻壁和窗戶上的反射規(guī)律。DetailedReadingParas.4-6Anexampleisgiventoillustratethesignificanttechnologicalmomentuminthelightingsystems,whichworkssimilarlyinthecurrentenergysystems:Itisquiteeasytochange(1)___________.Itishardertochange(2)___________________.Itisalsohardtochange(3)___________________________designedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.alightbulbthebulbanditsfixturetheroomsandentirebuildingsDetailedReadingPara.7Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.notonly放在句首引導倒裝句，表示“不僅…而且…”...notonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,roomsandentirebuildingshave

alsobeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.他不但看過這本書，而且記得書的內容。Notonlydidhereadthebook,buthealsorememberedwhathehadread.

而且，我們未來的新型能源從業(yè)人員不僅需要接受培訓，還必須按照正確的順序接受培訓。DetailedReadingPara.7Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachcohortofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.cohort:

agroupofpeoplewhohavesomethingincommonTestswerecarriedoutontheentirecohortofthirdyearstudentsatprimaryschool.測試是在所有小學三年級學生中進行的。我們首先需要設計人員，也許還需要管理人員，之后才是建造人員和操作人員。每一批受訓人員都應確信，畢業(yè)之后有相應的工作崗位在等著他們。DetailedReadingPara.7Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty,given

theprevalenceoftenureinacademia.這里given

是一個介詞（現在分詞形式作介詞用），意思是“考慮到；鑒于”，用來說明原因或背景條件。在某些情況下，高等院校可能不得不改變他們的培訓計劃；鑒于學術界終身職位盛行，這無疑進一步增加了人員培訓的難度。DetailedReadingPara.7Thecurrentenergysystemshaveconsiderablelabor-poolmomentum,whichmeansconsiderableinertiainthenewenergysystems:Specialistsneededforthenewenergyindustryhaveto(4)_________first;andeducationtakestime.Prospectivenew(5)_____________havetobetrainedintherightsequence.Collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheir(6)________________,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.betrainedenergyworkerstrainingprogramsDetailedReadingPara.8Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.byfar:(usedwithcomparativeorsuperlativeadjectivesoradverbs)byagreatamountThelastofthesereasonsisbyfarthemostimportant.這些理由中最后一條比其他的重要得多。DetailedReadingPara.8Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.comeintoplay:tostarttohappenorhaveaneffectPersonalfeelingsshouldnotcomeintoplaywhenyouaremakingbusinessdecisions.作公務決策時不應摻入個人感情成分。能源體系轉型時最大的動量因素是經濟動量。DetailedReadingPara.8Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproductionandrefiningandelectricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespansandthathavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.installation:apieceofequipmentormachinerythathasbeenfixedinpositionandmadereadyforuse設備設施computerinstallations大型計算機設備aheatinginstallation供暖設施nuclearinstallations核設施DetailedReadingPara.8Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproductionandrefiningandelectricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespansandthathavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.recover:togetback(moneythathasbeenspent,invested,etc.)Legalactionisbeingtakentotrytorecoverthemoney.正在進行訴訟以收回那筆錢。TheBritishmarketalonewasnotlargeenoughtorecovertheircostsofproduction.單是英國的市場還不足以讓他們收回生產成本。能源系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分，如燃料生產、煉油、發(fā)電、配電等設備設施，成本昂貴，使用壽命很長，要收回成本需要較長時期的運行。DetailedReadingPara.8Wheninvestorsputuptheirmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowerplant,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackovertheplannedlifeoftheplant.putup:Ifyouputupmoneyforsomething,youprovidethemoneythatisneededtopayforit.Thestateagreedtoputup$69,000tostarthiscompany.州政府同意為他創(chuàng)辦公司出資69,000美元。Hewassupposedtoputuphalfthemoney,buthebackedout.他本應當出一半的錢，但他食言了。當投資者投入資金建造一座核電站時，他們期望在工廠的設計壽命內賺回這筆錢。DetailedReadingPara.8Thecurrentenergysystemshaveimmenseeconomicmomentum:Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystemsare(7)________________.Theyhave(8)________________.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopment(9)____________________.costlyinstallationslengthylifespanshavebeenrecoveredDetailedReadingParas.9-10Alltheforecasts,plans,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner.上面提到的所有預言、計劃和預期都因其主導者和推動者的誤判而以失敗告終。他們以為他們希望實施的能源轉型會有別于以往的能源轉型，他們以為這一次他們會以前所未有的速度實現轉型。DetailedReadingParas.9-10ByquotingVaclavSmil,theauthorsuggeststhatlessonsshouldbelearnedfrom(1)_______________________,allofwhichfailedbecause(2)______________provedtobeunlikely.Andunderstandingenergysystem(3)____________________canhelpyoudecidewhetherarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergyisfeasible.previousenergytransitionsinertiaandmomentumarapidprogressLanguagePracticePractice運動物體movingobject運動狀態(tài)thestateofmotion高速運動moveatspeed動能kineticenergy總統(tǒng)競選presidentialcampaignLanguagePractice能源轉型energytransition航空母艦aircraftcarrier白熾燈泡incandescentlightbulb換燈泡changealightbulb臺燈desklampLanguagePractice符合inaccordancewith履行carryout被裁員belaidoff按正確順序intherightsequence在某些情況下insomecasesLanguagePractice培訓課程trainingprogram產生作用comeintoplay使用壽命thelifespan收回成本recoverthecost投入商業(yè)運營gointocommercialserviceLanguagePractice前所未有的方式inanunprecedentedmanner燃油汽車gasoline-poweredcar電動汽車electriccar熒光燈fluorescentlightLanguagePractice1)Onceyou’vestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.如果責任沒有明確界定，就可能出現問題。Theremaybeproblemsifresponsibilitiesarenotclearlydefined.TranslateeachoftheChinesesentencesintoEnglishbyusingtheunderlinedphraseorstructureintheexample.LanguagePractice2)Soaheavyobjecthasalotofmomentum—thatis,oncehe’smoving,it’shardtochangehisstateofmotion.她被要求做售后服務，也就是說，她要上門幫顧客調琴。Shewasaskedtodotheafter-salesservice;thatis,shehadtotunethepianosforthecustomersintheirhomes.LanguagePractice3)Understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumiskeytojudgingwhetherarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergyisfeasible.良好的溝通是我們成功的關鍵。Goodcommunicationiskeytooursuccess.4)Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.房產新政的影響遠不止房地產市場。Theinfluenceofnewhousingpoliciesreachesfarbeyondthehousingmarketalone.LanguagePractice5)Theincandescentlightbulb,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.他終于明白他只不過是個傀儡。Hecametorealizehewasonlyapuppet.6)Today,avisittoalightingstorerevea