核心素養(yǎng)測評(30分鐘32.5分)十五必修第三冊Unit4SpaceExplorationⅠ.閱讀理解(共8小題;每小題2.5分,滿分20分)A(2025·新高考八省模擬)Totalsolareclipses(日食)havescaredpeoplesincetimeoutofmind.Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.LegendaryexplanationsforeclipsesincludetheSunbeingeatenbydogs,frogsordragons.Therealityisnotromantic.Whyaretotalones,liketheonecomingonApril8,sorare?Solareclipsesareaspecialcaseofphenomenacalledtransitsandoccultations,inwhichanintervening(介于中間的)heavenlybodystopslightfromastarreachinganobserver.Iftheblockingbodyappearssmallerintheskythanthestar,theresultiscalledatransitandlookslikeadarkspotcrossingthestar’ssurface.Iftheblockingobjectappearslargerthanthestar,thestardisappearscompletely—anoccultation.Atotaleclipseisanoccultation.Solareclipsesmaybeeitherofthesethings,sincetheapparentsizesintheskyoftheSunandtheMoon,viewedfromEarth,arealmostidentical.IftheMoonorbitedEarthinthesameplaneasEarthorbitstheSun,eclipseswouldhappeneverymonth,butwouldbetotalonlyinthetropics(熱帶地區(qū)).Inreality,theaverageintervalbetweentotaleclipsesis18months,andtheymaybeseenfromtimetotimeallovertheworld.ThepathoftotalityacrossEarth’ssurfaceisnarrowandtheperiodshort(amaximumofjustoversevenandahalfminutes).Outsidetheseboundaries,theSunwillappearpartiallyeclipsed,lookinglikeapiethatsomethinghastakenabitefrom.TheGreatNorthAmericanEclipse,asithasbeencalled,willbeasighttobeheldonApril8.Butitshouldalsobecherished,becausetotaleclipsesoftheSunwillnothappenforever.Tidalfriction(潮汐摩擦)causestheMoontomoveawayfromEarthat3.8cmayear,makingitappearsmallerandsmallerinthesky.In600millionyearsorsothelast,shorttotalitywilloccur.【語篇屬性】語篇類型說明文主題語境人與自然(地球與宇宙奧秘探索)語篇內容主要介紹了日全食罕見的原因語篇結構Para.1Whyaretotalones,liketheonecomingonApril8,sorare?Para.2Solareclipsesareaspecialcaseofphenomenacalledtransitsandoccultations,inwhichaninterveningheavenlybodystopslightfromastarreachinganobserver.Para.3Solareclipsesmaybeeitherofthesethings.Para.4TheGreatNorthAmericanEclipse,asithasbeencalled,willbeasighttobeheldonApril8.Butitshouldalsobecherished.【命題意圖】1.WhatdoestheclaytabletofUgaritrepresent?推理判斷題。本題旨在考查考生根據所讀內容(第一段)進行推理和判斷的能力2.HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph2?本題要求考生能夠讀懂第二段闡釋的兩種自然現象,并注意到文章中對這兩種現象給出的定義。本題旨在考查考生根據所讀內容對文章段落大意的歸納和總結的能力3.WhatcanwelearnabouttotalsolareclipsesfromParagraph3?本題要求考生根據對文章信息的理解,對第三段進行推理和判斷?？疾榭忌鶕恼卤韺有畔⑼茢嘈畔⒄鎸嵰饬x的能力4.Whatmakestotalsolareclipsessorare?本題要求考生根據對文章信息的理解,能夠推斷出使日全食很難見到的真實原因?？疾榭忌鶕x內容進行推理和判斷的能力1.WhatdoestheclaytabletofUgaritrepresent?A.Somefiguresofancientanimals.B.TheSunbeingeatenbysomeanimals.C.Ancientpeoplewhowerehuntingforanimals.D.Theearliesttotalsolareclipserecorded.【解析】選D。推理判斷題。根據第一段中“Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.(最早的日食記錄保存在Ugarit的一塊泥板上,Ugarit曾是敘利亞的一個貿易城市,但后來被摧毀。從它的年代和位置來看,人們認為它可以描述發(fā)生在公元前1375年或公元前1223年的日食。)”可知,Ugarit的一塊泥板描繪了第一個日全食的事實,這是有記錄以來最早的日全食。故選D項。2.HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph2?A.Bylistingstatistics.B.Bygivingdefinitions.C.Bygivingexamples.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.【解析】選B。推理判斷題。根據第二段“日食是一種特殊的現象,被稱為凌日和掩星,在這種現象中,一個介入的天體阻擋了來自恒星的光到達觀測者。如果阻塞體在天空中看起來比恒星小,結果就被稱為凌日,看起來像一個穿過恒星表面的黑點。如果被遮擋的物體看起來比恒星大,恒星就會完全消失——這就是掩星。日全食就是掩星?！笨芍?第二段主要闡釋了transit(凌日)和occultation(掩星)兩種自然現象,對這兩種現象給出了定義。故選B項。3.WhatcanwelearnabouttotalsolareclipsesfromParagraph3?A.Theirdurationisrelativelylonger.B.Theytakeplaceeverymonthactually.C.Theyarevisibleonlyfromanarrowpath.D.TheylooklikeabitetakenoutoftheSun.【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據第三段中“ThepathoftotalityacrossEarth’ssurfaceisnarrowandtheperiodshort(amaximumofjustoversevenandahalfminutes).(全食穿過地球表面的路徑很窄,周期也很短(最長不過7分半鐘)。)”可知,日全食穿過地球表面的路徑很窄,周期也很短(最長不過7分半鐘)。由此可推斷,日全食可見的路徑窄。故選C項。4.Whatmakestotalsolareclipsessorare?A.Themoving-awayMoon.B.ThestrongertideonEarth.C.ThesmallerattractionoftheMoonforEarth.D.ThechangingdistancebetweentheSunandEarth.【解析】選A。推理判斷題。根據第四段中“TidalfrictioncausestheMoontomoveawayfromEarthat3.8cmayear,makingitappearsmallerandsmallerinthesky.(潮汐摩擦使月球以每年3.8厘米的速度遠離地球,使它在天空中顯得越來越小。)”可知,潮汐摩擦導致月球逐漸遠離地球,使其在天空中顯得越來越小。由此可知,我們以后再想見到日全食將會越來越難。故選A項?！窘怄i閱讀障礙】【熟詞生義及低頻詞匯】熟詞生義:orbitv.沿軌道運行,環(huán)繞……運行;使(衛(wèi)星)進入軌道【長難句分析】Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.【分析】本句是主從復合句。主句是Thefirstrecordofoneisbelievedtodescribeeitheraneclipseorone。其中,preservedonaclaytablet是過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾Thefirstrecordofone;foundatUgarit是過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾tablet;onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria是Ugarit的同位語;thathappenedin1375BC是that引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞eclipse?！痉g】最早的日食記錄保存在烏加里特(Ugarit)的一塊泥板上,烏加里特曾是敘利亞的一座貿易城市,但后來被毀。從它的年代和位置來看,人們認為它描述的是發(fā)生在公元前1375年或公元前1223年的一次日食。B(2025·山西模擬)AnewstudypublishedinFrontiersinImmunologytrackedhowzerogravityandcosmicrays(宇宙射線)affectedtheastronauts’healthduringtheirstaysaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Thestudy,writtenbyOdetteLaneuville,abiologistattheUniversityofOttawa,hasfoundasharpdropintheimmune(免疫的)functionof14astronautswithindaysoftheirarrivalatISS.Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudywithaninterestinspaceexploration.Instead,shewascuriousaboutthelossofmusclestrengthwhichoccursafteralongperiodofinactivityonEarth.ButshewasalarmedwhenshesawvideosofCanada’sfamousastronautChrisHadfieldafterhestayedatISSforsixmonths.Althoughresearchershadstudiedastronauts’immunefunctionatsinglepointsintime,shedecidedtoseehowtheimmunesystemadapted—ordidn’t—overlongertime.WithpermissionfromtheCanadianSpaceAgency,shestudied14astronautswhospentatleastsixmonthsonISS,collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividualbeginning90daysbeforedepartureandcontinuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth.WithindaysofarrivalatISS,allparticipantsshowedasharpdeclineintheactivityoftheimmunesystem.AtmonthstwoandfouronISS,someofthesechangesbegantonormalize.Theydidn’treturntobaseline,however,untilseveralmonthsaftertheastronautsgothome.TofindoutwhytheimmunefunctionwentdownatISS,Laneuvilleexposedmicetosimilarcosmicraysthattheastronautssufferedatthespacestation.Herresearchhasshownthatthecosmicrayscausedchangestothemice’sabilitytorepairDNAanduseenergyeffectively.Evenmoreworrying,thechangespersistedformonthsaftertheywerenotexposedtocosmicrays.【語篇屬性】語篇類型說明文主題語境人與自然(自然科學研究成果)語篇內容OdetteLaneuville通過老鼠實驗發(fā)現宇宙射線影響宇航員免疫力,在空間站待較長時間的宇航員免疫能力下降。語篇結構Para.1AnewstudypublishedinFrontiersinImmunologytrackedhowzerogravityandcosmicraysaffectedtheastronauts’healthduringtheirstaysaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Para.2Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudywithaninterestinspaceexploration.Para.3Shedecidedtoseehowtheimmunesystemadapted—ordidn’t—overlongertime.Para.4ChangesinimmunesystemactivityinallparticipantsPara.5Herresearchhasshownthatthecosmicrayscausedchangestothemice’sabilitytorepairDNAanduseenergyeffectively.5.WhatwasLaneuvilleinterestedinbeforeshewatchedthevideos?A.Theimmunefunction.B.Cosmicrays.C.Thelossofmusclestrength.D.Zerogravity.【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段“Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudy...inactivityonEarth.(Laneuville并不是一開始就對太空探索感興趣。相反,她對在地球上長時間不活動后肌肉力量的喪失感到好奇。)”可知,OdetteLaneuville之前致力于研究導致肌肉無力的原因。故選C。6.HowisLaneuville’sresearchdifferentfromthepreviousstudies?A.Byfocusingonsinglepointsintime.B.Byemployingapieceofuniqueequipment.C.Bymonitoringtheastronautsoverlongertime.D.Bycollectingmoreastronauts’bloodsamples.【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段“Althoughresearchershadstudied...overlongertime.(盡管研究人員已經研究了宇航員在單一時間點的免疫功能,但她決定看看免疫系統(tǒng)在更長時間內是如何適應或不適應的。)”可知,研究人員已經研究了單一時間下宇航員的免疫功能,Laneuville想對宇航員進行更長時間的監(jiān)控,檢測免疫功能。故選C。7.WhydidLaneuvilleexposemicetocosmicrays?A.Toincreasecosmicraysatthem.B.Totestwhethertheyareharmful.C.Toinventmoreeffectivetreatments.D.Tounderstandtheimmunesystem’schanges【解析】選D。細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段“Tofindoutwhytheimmunefunction...atthespacestation.(為了找出為什么在國際空間站免疫功能會下降,Laneuville將老鼠暴露在與宇航員在空間站遭受的類似的宇宙射線中。)”可知,Laneuville把老鼠暴露在宇宙射線下是想找到宇航員免疫力發(fā)生變化的原因。故選D。8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ZeroGravityandCosmicRaysAreHarmfultoAstronautsB.ScientistsAreWorriedAbouttheAstronauts’HealthatISSC.OdetteLaneuvilleHasFoundOutaNewTreatmentforAstronautsD.AStudyShowsWhyCosmicRaysLeadtoDeclineintheImmuneFunction【解析】選D。標題歸納題。通讀全文,尤其是最后一段“Herresearchhasshownthat...useenergyeffectively.(她的研究表明,宇宙射線改變了老鼠修復DNA和有效利用能量的能力。)”可知,文章講述在宇宙空間站待的時間較長的宇航員免疫功能下降,Laneuville通過研究發(fā)現宇宙射線影響了免疫功能,因此推斷D項“一項研究表明,為什么宇宙射線會導致免疫功能的下降”為最佳標題。故選D?！窘怄i閱讀障礙】【熟詞生義及低頻詞匯】1.熟詞生義:sharpadj.(變化)急劇的;鋒利的;急轉彎的;清晰的,鮮明的;劇烈的,尖銳的;刺耳的;聰明的,敏銳的;(味道)濃烈的,辛辣的;時髦的adv.正點,準時;突然地,急劇地;音調偏高地2.inactivityn.不做任何事,不活動,不工作;不活潑;靜止,休止狀態(tài);不放射性3.normalizev.正常化,正規(guī)化4.persistv.持續(xù),繼續(xù)存在【長難句分析】WithpermissionfromtheCanadianSpaceAgency,shestudied14astronautswhospentatleastsixmonthsonISS,collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividualbeginning90daysbeforedepartureandcontinuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth.【分析】本句是一個主從復合句,主句是shestudied14astronauts。whospentatleastsixmonthsonISS是who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞astronauts;collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividual和continuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth是and連接的兩個動詞-ing形式短語作伴隨狀語;beginning90daysbeforedeparture是動詞-ing形式短語作時間狀語?！痉g】在加拿大航天局的許可下,她研究了14名在國際空間站上待了至少6個月的宇航員,從出發(fā)前90天開始,從每個人身上采集了10份血液樣本,并在他們返回地球后的一年中繼續(xù)采集。Ⅱ.七選五(共5小題;每小題2.5分,滿分12.5分)(2024·浙江模擬)ThingsToRememberOnYourFirstSoloTravelAdventureIfyou’veeverthoughtaboutjusttakingatripyourselfinsteadofwaitingforsomeonetojoinyou,you’renotalone.9However,doyoucountyourselfamongthemanywhohavetriedit?Ifyou’replanningyourownsolotrip,herearefourimportantthingstokeepinmind.

10Sinceyou’retravelingsolo,howyouchoosetoexploreitisentirelyuptoyou.Thisisyourchancetodowhateveryouwantwheneveryouwantbecausethistime,you’rerunningtheshow.

Don’tbeafraidtotalktorandompeople.Thoughthereissomeonewhoposesathreat,it’simportanttorememberthatnoteveryoneisouttogetyou.11That’sbecauseyou’reanovelty,apersonfromanothercountrywhoisvisitingtheirs.Therefore,insteadofputtingonyourheadphonesorinstantlyseeingthemasweirdos,usethisspontaneouschatasachancetomeetthelocalsorgetrecommendationsforthingstododuringyourtrip.

It’sokaytohavebaddays.12Ithappensandit’scompletelyokaytotakesometimetoprocesswhateveritisyou’refeeling.Takeyourselftoamovieorspendthedaydoingsomethingrelaxinglikewritinginyourjournalorreadingonthebeach.

It’sokaytostartsmall.13Startbydoingastaycationinanotherpartoftown,spendingafewdaysinanewlocale,abusortrainrideaway.Justdowhateveryou’recomfortablewithandseehowitallfeelsforyou.

A.Youarethebossofyourownadventure.B.Youneedtomakeanunusualtravelchoice.C.It’snosecretthatsolotravelisontherise.D.Sometimesthingscangoincrediblywrong.E.Peoplelikeyousimplydon’tknowhowtostart.F.Mostofthetimepeoplearejustcuriousandtrytobefriendly.G.Remember,yourfirstsolotripdoesn’thavetobetoawholeothercontinent.【語篇屬性】語篇類型說明文主題語境人與自我(健康的生活方式、積極的生活態(tài)度)語篇內容主要介紹了第一次獨自旅行冒險時要記住的事情。語篇結構Para.1Ify