超級(jí)電容器電極材料發(fā)展研究文獻(xiàn)綜述碳材料具有產(chǎn)量豐富，廉價(jià)易得，化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)良性能，被廣泛應(yīng)用于能源領(lǐng)域ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1,2]。例如NOFs材料衍生碳，活性炭，石墨烯（GO），碳納米管（CNT）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[87,88]等，都表現(xiàn)出雙電層（EDLC）型電荷存儲(chǔ)機(jī)制。金屬氧化物ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[89-91]，導(dǎo)電聚合物由于具有很好的贗電容性能，也被普遍應(yīng)用于超級(jí)電容器電極材料。由EDLC儲(chǔ)存機(jī)理可知，EDLC類型的電化學(xué)性能高度依賴于電極材料的活性表面積的大小，而碳材料比表面積比較大，具有良好的導(dǎo)電性，結(jié)構(gòu)比較穩(wěn)定，遵循雙電層電容電荷存儲(chǔ)機(jī)制，是很好的雙電層電容電極材料。 金屬有機(jī)聚合物（MOFs）材料由于具有規(guī)整的結(jié)構(gòu)，豐富的孔結(jié)構(gòu)，高溫碳化后能夠保持碳骨架的完整，得到的MOFs衍生碳不僅具有豐富的比表面積和孔結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)含有雜原子，不僅具備雙電層電容性能，也具備一定的贗電容性能ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[92-94]。Man‐LiYueADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yue</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[95]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616135337">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yue,Man-Li</author><author>Yu,Cheng-Yan</author><author>Duan,Hui-Hui</author><author>Yang,Bo-Long</author><author>Meng,Xiao-Xue</author><author>Li,Zuo-Xi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SixIsomorphousWindow-BeamMOFs:ExploretheEffectsofMetalIonsonMOF-DerivedCarbonforSupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>16160-16169</pages><volume>24</volume><number>60</number><keywords><keyword>catalyticgraphitization</keyword><keyword>MOF-derivedcarbon</keyword><keyword>MOFprecursors</keyword><keyword>pore-formingeffect</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/10/26</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>0947-6539</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/chem.201803554</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/chem.201803554</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/chem.201803554</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/18</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]團(tuán)隊(duì)合成一系列MOFs材料，Zn,Cd,Ni,Co,MnandCu‐MOF，用作前驅(qū)體合成衍生碳PCs，PC-Zn具有最高的BET面積1558m3/g，同時(shí)當(dāng)PC-Zn材料用作電極材料時(shí)，具有很好的電容性能，電流密度為0.5A/g時(shí)，質(zhì)量比電容為138F/g。同時(shí)具有良好的穩(wěn)定性。材料結(jié)構(gòu)和性能如圖1-15所示。Ting-HsiangChangADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[96]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616138295">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Qian</author><author>Dai,Zhaowei</author><author>Wu,Jiabin</author><author>Liu,Wei</author><author>Di,Tuo</author><author>Jiang,Rui</author><author>Zheng,Xue</author><author>Wang,Weizhe</author><author>Ji,Xinxin</author><author>Li,Pan</author><author>Xu,Zheheng</author><author>Qu,Xiaopeng</author><author>Xu,Zhimou</author><author>Zhou,Jun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FabricationofOrderedMacro-MicroporousSingle-CrystallineMOFandItsDerivativeCarbonMaterialforSupercapacitor</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1903750</pages><volume>10</volume><number>33</number><keywords><keyword>metal–organicframeworks</keyword><keyword>MOFcarbonization</keyword><keyword>singlecrystals</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/09/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>1614-6832</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/aenm.201903750</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/aenm.201903750</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/aenm.201903750</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/18</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[96]團(tuán)隊(duì)通過控制合成過程中條件，控制MOFs材料尺寸，合成MOF‐525

晶體，然后通過高溫處理，使得MOFs材料高度石墨化，將得到的MOFs衍生碳材料用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料，具有出很好的電容性能，電流密度為2A/g時(shí)，質(zhì)量比電容為425F/g，由于材料含有氧、氮等雜原子，材料還表現(xiàn)一定的贗電容性能。材料結(jié)構(gòu)與性能如圖1-16所示。由于MOFs衍生碳材料元素種類比較多，結(jié)構(gòu)可控，不僅具備雙層電容性能，同時(shí)具備一定的贗電容，所以電容性能相對(duì)較好，但是材料合成過程比較復(fù)雜，原料成本高，對(duì)于材料的實(shí)際應(yīng)用有很大的限制。圖1-15：MOFs衍生碳結(jié)構(gòu)形貌和性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yue</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[95]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616135337">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yue,Man-Li</author><author>Yu,Cheng-Yan</author><author>Duan,Hui-Hui</author><author>Yang,Bo-Long</author><author>Meng,Xiao-Xue</author><author>Li,Zuo-Xi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SixIsomorphousWindow-BeamMOFs:ExploretheEffectsofMetalIonsonMOF-DerivedCarbonforSupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>16160-16169</pages><volume>24</volume><number>60</number><keywords><keyword>catalyticgraphitization</keyword><keyword>MOF-derivedcarbon</keyword><keyword>MOFprecursors</keyword><keyword>pore-formingeffect</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/10/26</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>0947-6539</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/chem.201803554</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/chem.201803554</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/chem.201803554</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/18</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]Figure1-15.MorphologyandperformanceofMOFs-derivedcarbonstructureADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yue</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[95]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616135337">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yue,Man-Li</author><author>Yu,Cheng-Yan</author><author>Duan,Hui-Hui</author><author>Yang,Bo-Long</author><author>Meng,Xiao-Xue</author><author>Li,Zuo-Xi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SixIsomorphousWindow-BeamMOFs:ExploretheEffectsofMetalIonsonMOF-DerivedCarbonforSupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry–AEuropeanJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>16160-16169</pages><volume>24</volume><number>60</number><keywords><keyword>catalyticgraphitization</keyword><keyword>MOF-derivedcarbon</keyword><keyword>MOFprecursors</keyword><keyword>pore-formingeffect</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/10/26</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>0947-6539</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/chem.201803554</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/chem.201803554</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/chem.201803554</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/18</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]圖1-16：材料結(jié)構(gòu)與性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chang</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>128</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[97]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>128</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616138479">128</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chang,Ting-Hsiang</author><author>Young,Christine</author><author>Lee,Min-Han</author><author>Salunkhe,RahulR.</author><author>Alshehri,SaadM.</author><author>Ahamad,Tansir</author><author>Islam,MdTofazzal</author><author>Wu,KevinC.W.</author><author>Hossain,MdShahriarA.</author><author>Yamauchi,Yusuke</author><author>Ho,Kuo-Chuan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SynthesisofMOF-525DerivedNanoporousCarbonswithDifferentParticleSizesforSupercapacitorApplication</title><secondary-title>Chemistry–AnAsianJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry–AnAsianJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>2857-2862</pages><volume>12</volume><number>21</number><keywords><keyword>metal-organicframeworks</keyword><keyword>MOF-525</keyword><keyword>MOF-derivedcarbons</keyword><keyword>nanoporouscarbons</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/11/02</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>1861-4728</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/asia.201701082</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/asia.201701082</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/asia.201701082</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/19</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[97]Figure1-16.MaterialstructureandperformanceADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chang</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>128</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[97]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>128</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616138479">128</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chang,Ting-Hsiang</author><author>Young,Christine</author><author>Lee,Min-Han</author><author>Salunkhe,RahulR.</author><author>Alshehri,SaadM.</author><author>Ahamad,Tansir</author><author>Islam,MdTofazzal</author><author>Wu,KevinC.W.</author><author>Hossain,MdShahriarA.</author><author>Yamauchi,Yusuke</author><author>Ho,Kuo-Chuan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SynthesisofMOF-525DerivedNanoporousCarbonswithDifferentParticleSizesforSupercapacitorApplication</title><secondary-title>Chemistry–AnAsianJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemistry–AnAsianJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>2857-2862</pages><volume>12</volume><number>21</number><keywords><keyword>metal-organicframeworks</keyword><keyword>MOF-525</keyword><keyword>MOF-derivedcarbons</keyword><keyword>nanoporouscarbons</keyword><keyword>supercapacitors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/11/02</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd</publisher><isbn>1861-4728</isbn><work-type>/10.1002/asia.201701082</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1002/asia.201701082</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/asia.201701082</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2021/03/19</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[97]石墨烯在超級(jí)電容器方面有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，具有很高的體積容量。石墨烯是一種通過碳的sp2雜化軌道原子，形成的碳的平面結(jié)構(gòu)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Geim</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>115</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[98]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>115</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616121581">115</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geim,A.K.</author><author>Novoselov,K.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Theriseofgraphene</title><secondary-title>NatureMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatureMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>183-191</pages><volume>6</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>2007/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1476-4660</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1038/nmat1849</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/nmat1849</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[98]，具有很高的熱傳導(dǎo)性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>116</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[99]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>116</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616122128">116</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee,Changgu</author><author>Wei,Xiaoding</author><author>Kysar,JeffreyW.</author><author>Hone,James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MeasurementoftheElasticPropertiesandIntrinsicStrengthofMonolayerGraphene</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><pages>385</pages><volume>321</volume><number>5887</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>/content/321/5887/385.abstract</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.1157996</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[99]，較大的理論比表面積，2630m2/gADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Stoller</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>117</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[100]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>117</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616122183">117</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stoller,MerylD.</author><author>Park,Sungjin</author><author>Zhu,Yanwu</author><author>An,Jinho</author><author>Ruoff,RodneyS.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Graphene-BasedUltracapacitors</title><secondary-title>NanoLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>3498-3502</pages><volume>8</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>2008/10/08</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1530-6984</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/nl802558y</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/nl802558y</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[100]。雖然石墨烯理論面積比較大，但石墨烯在合成過程中容易堆疊，使石墨烯表面積降低，限制了它在超級(jí)電容器中的應(yīng)用，針對(duì)這一問題，YongshengChenADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>118</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[101]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>118</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616123499">118</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Yan</author><author>Wu,Yingpeng</author><author>Huang,Yi</author><author>Zhang,Fan</author><author>Yang,Xi</author><author>Ma,Yanfeng</author><author>Chen,Yongsheng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PreventingGrapheneSheetsfromRestackingforHigh-CapacitancePerformance</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>23192-23197</pages><volume>115</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/11/24</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1932-7447</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jp206444e</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp206444e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[101]團(tuán)隊(duì)在合成過程加入碳納米管，使片狀單層石墨烯在碳納米管上堆疊，增加了片層石墨烯之間的距離，形成立體狀石墨烯，并將該石墨烯用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料，當(dāng)合成過程中，石墨烯與碳納米管質(zhì)量比為1：1時(shí)，取得最高的電容性能317F/g，材料結(jié)構(gòu)和性能如圖1-17所示。為了使石墨烯具有合適的孔結(jié)構(gòu)，以及形成電解質(zhì)移動(dòng)的通道，JingLiADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>119</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[102]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>119</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616124049">119</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Jing</author><author>Tang,Jie</author><author>Yuan,Jinshi</author><author>Zhang,Kun</author><author>Yu,Xiaoliang</author><author>Sun,Yige</author><author>Zhang,Han</author><author>Qin,Lu-Chang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Porouscarbonnanotube/graphenecompositesforhigh-performancesupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>ChemicalPhysicsLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalPhysicsLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>60-65</pages><volume>693</volume><keywords><keyword>Graphene</keyword><keyword>Carbonnanotube</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitor</keyword><keyword>Porestructure</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/02/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-2614</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0009261417311405</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.052</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[102]團(tuán)隊(duì)采用相同的思路，在石墨烯合成過程中，加入碳納米管CNTs，合成被碳納米管分層的石墨烯，考察了碳納米管的質(zhì)量對(duì)合成的三維狀石墨烯孔結(jié)構(gòu)和性能的影響。結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)碳納米管摻雜量為20%時(shí)，材料用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料時(shí)，電容性能最好。在EMI-BF4電解液中（1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸鹽），超級(jí)電容器質(zhì)量比電容為206F/g。雖然對(duì)石墨烯的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，能夠使電容器在質(zhì)量比電容和體積電容上得到提升，但是石墨烯合成過程復(fù)雜，成本高，使得石墨烯大規(guī)模運(yùn)用方面有一定的難度。圖1-17：GO/CNTs材料結(jié)構(gòu)與性能示意圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>118</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[101]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>118</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616123499">118</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Yan</author><author>Wu,Yingpeng</author><author>Huang,Yi</author><author>Zhang,Fan</author><author>Yang,Xi</author><author>Ma,Yanfeng</author><author>Chen,Yongsheng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PreventingGrapheneSheetsfromRestackingforHigh-CapacitancePerformance</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>23192-23197</pages><volume>115</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/11/24</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1932-7447</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jp206444e</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp206444e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[101]Figure1-17.SchematicdiagramofthestructureandperformanceofGO/CNTsmaterialsADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>118</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[101]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>118</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616123499">118</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Yan</author><author>Wu,Yingpeng</author><author>Huang,Yi</author><author>Zhang,Fan</author><author>Yang,Xi</author><author>Ma,Yanfeng</author><author>Chen,Yongsheng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PreventingGrapheneSheetsfromRestackingforHigh-CapacitancePerformance</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>23192-23197</pages><volume>115</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/11/24</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1932-7447</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jp206444e</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp206444e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[101]一維材料碳納米管由于其獨(dú)特管狀的中空結(jié)構(gòu)，被廣泛的應(yīng)用于超級(jí)電容器ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[103-106]。但是碳納米管由于自身的中空結(jié)構(gòu)，碳納米管僅占體積分?jǐn)?shù)的5%，體積密度較低（0.3g/cm3），直接將碳納米管用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料，將造成超級(jí)電容器體積容量比較低，而質(zhì)量容量相對(duì)較高，所以，研究者改進(jìn)合成方法，使碳納米管更加致密化，來提高碳納米管的體積容量。YueZhouADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[107]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616133415">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Yue</author><author>Ghaffari,Mehdi</author><author>Lin,Minren</author><author>Parsons,EthanM.</author><author>Liu,Yang</author><author>Wardle,BrianL.</author><author>Zhang,Q.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Highvolumetricelectrochemicalperformanceofultra-highdensityalignedcarbonnanotubesupercapacitorswithcontrollednanomorphology</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title></periodical><pages>608-613</pages><volume>111</volume><keywords><keyword>Alignedcarbonnanotubes</keyword><keyword>Mechanicaldensification</keyword><keyword>Nanomorphologyionpathwayscontrol</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitors</keyword><keyword>Volumetricelectrochemicalperformance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/11/30/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-4686</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0013468613015600</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.032</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[107]通過改良的氣相沉積法，鋁載Fe原子作催化劑，在硅片上合成碳納米管，如圖1-18所示，合成的碳納米管占總體積的1%~40%。體積分?jǐn)?shù)為40%時(shí)，用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料時(shí)，質(zhì)量比電容139.8F/g，但是體積比電容只有3F/cm3。碳納米管合成過程較為復(fù)雜，成本較高，體積電容較小，這些因素限制了碳納米管在超級(jí)電容器方面的使用。也有很多研究者將碳納米管作為碳骨架，進(jìn)行摻雜或者合成其他活性材料，進(jìn)而使材料體積密度和活性提升。TaegyuParkADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Park</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>161</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[108]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>161</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1618799777">161</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Park,Taegyu</author><author>Jang,Yongwoo</author><author>Park,JongWoo</author><author>Kim,Hyunsoo</author><author>Kim,SeonJeong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Quasi-solid-statehighlystretchablecircularknittedMnO2@CNTsupercapacitor</title><secondary-title>RSCAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RSCAdvances</full-title></periodical><pages>14007-14012</pages><volume>10</volume><number>24</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><publisher>TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry</publisher><work-type>10.1039/D0RA01398F</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1039/D0RA01398F</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/D0RA01398F</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[108]團(tuán)隊(duì)先將碳納米管編織成型，再通過電化學(xué)沉積法，在碳納米管上沉積合成具有贗電容性能的MnO2材料，將其用作超級(jí)電容器電極材料時(shí)，材料具有比較高的面積容量（511.28mF·cm?2）。雖然碳納米管直接用作電極材料沒有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是通過改性或用作其他活性物質(zhì)載體，有著很大的應(yīng)用前景，但是，從成本上來看，碳納米管合成過程復(fù)雜，成本較高，不利于大規(guī)模應(yīng)用。圖1-18：碳納米管的合成過程與結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[107]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616133415">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Yue</author><author>Ghaffari,Mehdi</author><author>Lin,Minren</author><author>Parsons,EthanM.</author><author>Liu,Yang</author><author>Wardle,BrianL.</author><author>Zhang,Q.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Highvolumetricelectrochemicalperformanceofultra-highdensityalignedcarbonnanotubesupercapacitorswithcontrollednanomorphology</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title></periodical><pages>608-613</pages><volume>111</volume><keywords><keyword>Alignedcarbonnanotubes</keyword><keyword>Mechanicaldensification</keyword><keyword>Nanomorphologyionpathwayscontrol</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitors</keyword><keyword>Volumetricelectrochemicalperformance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/11/30/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-4686</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0013468613015600</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.032</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[107]Figure1-18.SchematicdiagramofthesynthesisprocessandstructureofcarbonnanotubesADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[107]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1616133415">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Yue</author><author>Ghaffari,Mehdi</author><author>Lin,Minren</author><author>Parsons,EthanM.</author><author>Liu,Yang</author><author>Wardle,BrianL.</author><author>Zhang,Q.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Highvolumetricelectrochemicalperformanceofultra-highdensityalignedcarbonnanotubesupercapacitorswithcontrollednanomorphology</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title></periodical><pages>608-613</pages><volume>111</volume><keywords><keyword>Alignedcarbonnanotubes</keyword><keyword>Mechanicaldensification</keyword><keyword>Nanomorphologyionpathwayscontrol</keyword><keyword>Supercapacitors</keyword><keyword>Volumetricelectrochemicalperformance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/11/30/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-4686</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0013468613015600</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.032</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[107]活性炭具有比較大的表面積，良好的導(dǎo)電性，長壽命，在超級(jí)電容器的應(yīng)用方面最為常見，活性炭比面積一般在1000m2/g以上ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sun</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[109]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xwr2asv2pdp5vdevpt5ptax9watwrtspeex0"timestamp="1615994949">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sun,Na</author><author>Li,Zeyang</author><author>Zhang,Xian</author><author>Qin,Wenxiu</author><author>Zhao,Cuijiao</author><author>Zhang,Haimin</author><author>Ng,DickonH.L.</author><author>Kang,Shenghong</author><author>Zhao,Huijun</author><author>Wang,Guozhong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HierarchicalPorousCarbonMaterialsDerivedfromKelpforSuperiorCapacitiveApplications</title>