1、段舜山 2020/6/21,1,主講教師：段舜山 暨南大學(xué)生命科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院生態(tài)學(xué)系 tssduan,生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)必修課 普通生態(tài)學(xué) GENERAL ECOLOGY,2,第章,溫度關(guān)系 Temperature Relations,段舜山 2020/6/21,3,Contents 主要內(nèi)容,1 Microclimates (微)小氣候 2 Temperature and performance of Organisms 溫度與生命活動(dòng) 3 Regulating body temperature 體溫調(diào)節(jié) 4 Surviving extreme temperature 極端溫度,段舜山 2020/6/

2、21,4,A sample,Peter Kevan had come to Ellesmere Island, which lies at about 82N latitude in the Northwest Territories of Canada, to study sun-tracking behavior by arctic flowers. Peter Kevan在位于加拿大西北北極區(qū)陸地北緯82的Ellesmere島采用北極花全緣仙女木（Dryas integrifolia）來(lái)研究植物的趨光行為.,段舜山 2020/6/21,5,Kevan found that the sun

3、-tracking behavior of Dryas integrifolia increased the temperature of its flowers. Though the air temperature hovered around 15, the temperature of the Dryas flowers was nearly 25. Kevan發(fā)現(xiàn)全緣仙女木的趨光行為使得它的花朵溫度升高。雖然空氣溫度一般保持在15左右，但是仙女木的花瓣溫度卻達(dá)到25。,Increasing temperature花朵增溫,段舜山 2020/6/21,6,Mutualism to in

4、sects 互利作用,Many species of small insects, attracted by their warmth, basked in the sun-tracking Dryas flowers, elevating their body temperatures as a consequence.花朵提供溫暖 Dryas integrifolia depends on these insects to pollinate its flowers.昆蟲(chóng)幫助全緣仙女木花授粉,段舜山 2020/6/21,7,Sun-tracking behavior of Dryas in

5、tegrifolia. 全緣仙女木植物的趨光性,段舜山 2020/6/21,8,The thermometer 溫度計(jì),The thermometer was one of the first quantitative instruments to appear in the scientific tool kit, and we have been measuring and reporting temperatures ever since.溫度計(jì)是科學(xué)家工具箱中最早出現(xiàn)的定量?jī)x器之一，從那時(shí)起我們就開(kāi)始測(cè)量和報(bào)告溫度。 Human concern for temperature show

6、s itself everywhere. 人類對(duì)溫度的關(guān)注無(wú)處不在 。,段舜山 2020/6/21,9,Local television reviews the high and low temperatures of the preceding day and forecasts temperatures for the coming day.地方電視回顧前一天的最高和最低溫度，并且預(yù)報(bào)第二天的溫度。 Daily newspapers report temperatures from nearly every corner of the globe.每天的報(bào)紙會(huì)報(bào)道差不多地球每個(gè)角落的溫度。

7、,Forecasts temperatures 溫度預(yù)報(bào),段舜山 2020/6/21,10,Global warming 全球變暖,If two people from different regions meet, the first questions they ask concern the weather: Are the summers very hot? Are the winters cold?如兩個(gè)異鄉(xiāng)人見(jiàn)面，他們最先問(wèn)到的就是天氣, 夏天熱嗎？冬天冷嗎？ Today we listen apprehensively to the forecast of a small tem

8、perature change-the prospect of global warming.但我們現(xiàn)在總會(huì)擔(dān)心地聽(tīng)到溫度在發(fā)生小小變化的預(yù)報(bào)全球氣候變暖 ,段舜山 2020/6/21,11,Why is human so concerned with temperature? 人類為何關(guān)注溫度,For us and all other species, the impact of extreme temperatures can range from discomfort, at a minimum, to extinction. 極端溫度對(duì)人和其他生物的影響會(huì)從不適應(yīng)到忍耐極限甚至死亡。

9、Long-term changes in temperature have set entire floras and faunas marching across continents, some species thriving, some holding on in small refuges, and others becoming extinct.長(zhǎng)期的溫度改變會(huì)使全球各大洲的動(dòng)植物分布發(fā)生變化，有些物種繁盛，有些躲在小避難所里，而有些物種會(huì)滅絕。,段舜山 2020/6/21,12,Most important environmental factor 溫度: 最重要的環(huán)境因子,We

10、 defined ecology as the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. The relationship between individual organisms and temperature, one of the most important environmental factors in the lives of organisms.,13,1 小氣候,Microclimates,段舜山 2020/6/21,14,Definition 定義,Microclimate: A

11、 small-scale variation in climate caused by a distinctive substrate, location, or aspect. 小氣候: 由于地表獨(dú)特的基質(zhì)、位置和朝向不同等原因而引起的小范圍的氣候變化。,段舜山 2020/6/21,15,大氣候與小氣候,The suns uneven heating of the earths surface and earths permanent tilt（傾斜） on its axis produce macroclimate (大氣候). Macroclimate interacts with th

12、e local landscape to produce microclimates (小氣候). Microclimate is influenced by landscape features such as altitude, aspect, vegetation, color of the ground, and presence of boulders and burrows. 受海拔、朝向、植被、土壤顏色、石塊和洞穴等影響。,段舜山 2020/6/21,16,小氣候是小尺度時(shí)空內(nèi)的氣候變化,Microclimate is climatic variation on a scale

13、of a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters, usually measured over short periods of time. You acknowledge microclimate when you choose to stand in the shade on a summers day or in the sun on a winters day.,段舜山 2020/6/21,17,對(duì)生物體而言小氣候更為重要,For the individual organism, macroclimate may be less sign

14、ificant than microclimate. The physical nature of water limits temperature variation in aquatic environments.,段舜山 2020/6/21,18,1.1 Altitude 海拔,Temperatures are generally lower at high elevations. First, atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation, air rising up the side of a mountain expands. The

15、energy of motion (kinetic energy) required to sustain the greater movement of air molecules in the expanding air mass is drawn from the surroundings, which cool as a result. 動(dòng)能消耗熱量 A second reason that temperatures are generally lower at higher elevations is that there is less atmosphere to trap and

16、 radiate heat back to the ground.吸收反射少,段舜山 2020/6/21,19,1.2 Aspect 坡向,Topographic features (地形特征) such as hills, mountains, and valleys create microclimates that would not occur in a flat landscape. Mountains and hillsides create these microclimates by shading(遮蔭) parts of the land.,段舜山 2020/6/21,20

17、,山地丘陵背離赤道的坡面是陰面,In the Northern Hemisphere, the shaded areas are on the north-facing sides, of hills, mountains, and valleys, which face away from the equator. In the Southern Hemisphere, the southern aspect faces away from the equator.,段舜山 2020/6/21,21,山地北坡和南坡的小氣候截然不同,The northern and southern aspe

18、cts of mountains and valleys offer organisms contrasting microclimates.小氣候截然不同 The microclimates of north- and south-facing aspects of hillsides may support very different types of vegetation.植被迥異,段舜山 2020/6/21,22,Fig 4.2 The north-facing slope at this site supports a Mediterranean woodland, while t

19、he vegetation on the south-facing slope is mainly grassland. 南北坡向上的不同植被：北坡樹(shù)林，南坡草原,段舜山 2020/6/21,23,1.3 Vegetation 植被,Because they also shade the landscape, plants create microclimates. For instance, trees, shrubs, and plant litter (fallen leaves, twigs, and branches) produce ecologically important m

20、icroclimates in deserts.,段舜山 2020/6/21,24,夏季有無(wú)植被形成不同的小氣候,One summers day, while the temperature on bare soil soared to 48, a few meters away in plant litter under a tall shrub the temperature was a moderate 21 . Meanwhile, temperatures under low shrubs with less leaf area were a bit warmer but still

21、 not as hot as soil in the open. A small organism in this landscape could choose microclimates differing in temperature by 27.,段舜山 2020/6/21,25,48,29,27,21,23,Fig 4.3 Desert shrubs and microclimate. 沙漠灌木及微小氣候,段舜山 2020/6/21,26,1.4 Color of the ground 地表顏色,Neil Hadley and his colleagues (1992) studied

22、 the beaches（海灘） of New Zealand； Which range in color from white to black and offer a wide range of microclimates to beach organisms.,段舜山 2020/6/21,27,White and black sands,段舜山 2020/6/21,28,不同顏色的海灘形成不同的小氣候,These beaches heat up under the summer sun, but black beaches heat up faster and to higher tem

23、peratures. Though these white and black beaches are exposed to nearly identical macroclimates, they have radically different microclimates.,段舜山 2020/6/21,29,Color of the ground and temperature 地面顏色和溫度,段舜山 2020/6/21,30,1.5 Boulders and burrows 石塊和洞穴,E. B. Edneys studies (1953) of the seashore isopod(

24、等足目) Ligia oceanica documented the effect of stones on microclimate. Edney found that over the space of a few centimeters, Ligia could choose air temperatures ranging from 20 in the open to 30 in the air spaces under stones, which heated to between 34 and 38.,段舜山 2020/6/21,31,Microclimates under sto

25、nes (data from Edney 1953).,段舜山 2020/6/21,32,動(dòng)物的洞穴形成適宜生存的小氣候,Animal burrows also have their own microclimates, in which temperatures are usually more moderate than at the soil surface. 動(dòng)物挖掘洞穴也具有它們自己的小氣候，那里的溫度通常比土壤表面的溫度要更合適。,段舜山 2020/6/21,33,1.6 Aquatic temperatures 水環(huán)境的溫度,The thermal stability of th

26、e aquatic environment derives partly from the high capacity (熱容量)of water to absorb heat energy without changing temperature (a capacity that chemists call specific heat(比熱). This capacity is about 3000 times higher for water than for an equal volume of air.,段舜山 2020/6/21,34,水蒸發(fā)時(shí)需要吸收大量的熱,A second ca

27、use of the thermal stability of aquatic environments is the large amount of heat absorbed by water as it evaporates (in chemistry, called the latent heat of vaporization 汽化潛熱).,段舜山 2020/6/21,35,水結(jié)冰時(shí)需要釋放大量的熱,A third cause of the greater thermal stability of aquatic environments is the heat energy tha

28、t water gives up to its environment as it freezes (the latent heat of fusion 冷凝潛熱).,段舜山 2020/6/21,36,水環(huán)境的溫度變動(dòng)通常小于陸地,The aquatic environments with greatest thermal stability are generally large ones, such as the open sea. These are environments that store large quantities of heat energy and where dai

29、ly fluctuations are often less than 1. 波動(dòng)幅度小 Even the temperatures of small streams, however, usually fluctuate less than the temperatures of nearby terrestrial habitats.,段舜山 2020/6/21,37,Fig 4.7 Aquatic microclimates 水域小氣候,段舜山 2020/6/21,38,沿岸植被遮蔭也能減小水溫的波動(dòng),Other factors besides the physics of water

30、can affect the temperature of aquatic environments. Shading by riparian vegetation(沿岸植被)reduces temperature fluctuations by insulating the stream environment.,39,2 溫度和生命活動(dòng),Temperature and performance of organisms,段舜山 2020/6/21,40,Narrow range,Most species perform best in a fairly narrow range of tem

31、perature. 絕大多數(shù)物種的最適宜溫度活動(dòng)范圍往往是相當(dāng)狹窄的.,段舜山 2020/6/21,41,Ecology of individual organisms 個(gè)體生態(tài)學(xué),Ecologists concerned with the ecology of individual organisms study how environmental factors, such as temperature, water, and light, affect the physiology and behavior of organisms: how fast they grow; how ma

32、ny offspring they produce; how fast they run, fly, or swim; how well they avoid predators; and so on. We can group these phenomena and say that ecologists study how environment affects the “performance” of organisms. 歸納為生態(tài)學(xué)家是研究環(huán)境如何影響生物行為的。,段舜山 2020/6/21,42,2.1 At the Molecular Level 分子水平的研究,The infl

33、uence of temperature on the performance of organisms begins at the level of biomolecules, which often perform their functions by balancing opposing tendencies. 溫度對(duì)于生物活動(dòng)的影響啟始于生物大分子水平上，生物大分子的功能通常是通過(guò)平衡相對(duì)立的反應(yīng)趨勢(shì)而表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,段舜山 2020/6/21,43,極端的溫度會(huì)削弱酶的功能,Enzymes have greater flexibility at higher temperatures,

34、but excessively high temperatures destroy their shape.酶類在較高的溫度具有較大的活性，但是過(guò)高的溫度會(huì)破壞它們的形成。 Temperatures at either extreme thus impair the functioning of enzymes. 極端的溫度也會(huì)削弱或破壞酶的功能。,段舜山 2020/6/21,44,酶通常在適中的溫度下保持活性,Enzymes usually work best in some intermediate range of temperatures, neither too hot nor to

35、o cold, where they retain both proper shape and sufficient flexibility. 酶通常不是在最熱也不是在最冷而是在適中的溫度時(shí)保持最佳的形成和活性，因此效果最好。,段舜山 2020/6/21,45,溫度對(duì)乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的影響,John Baldwin and P. W. Hochachka (1970) studied the influence of temperature on the activity of acetylcholinesterase（乙酰膽堿酯酶）, an enzyme produced at the sy

36、napse（神經(jīng)鍵） between neurons（神經(jīng)元）. The researchers found that rainbow trout(虹鱒魚(yú)), Oncorhynchus mykiss, produce two forms of acetylcholinesterase.,段舜山 2020/6/21,46,Fig 4.8 Temperature and enzyme activity. 溫度和酶活性,段舜山 2020/6/21,47,在生物體適宜的環(huán)境溫度下酶活較高,Rainbow trout (虹鱒魚(yú)), are native to the cool, clear stream

37、s and rivers of western North America. During winter, the temperatures of these streams hover between 0 and 4, while summer temperatures approach 20. These environmental temperatures are similar to the temperatures at which the acetylcholinesterase of rainbow trout performs optimally.這些環(huán)境溫度與虹鱒魚(yú)的乙酰膽堿

38、酯酶的最適溫度非常相似。,段舜山 2020/6/21,48,Figure 4.9 The rate of metabolizable energy intake by two populations of the eastern fence lizard(蜥蜴), Sceloporus undulatus, peaks at the same temperature (data from Angilletta 2001).,49,2.2 極端溫度與光合作用,Extreme temperatures and photosynthesis,段舜山 2020/6/21,50,植物的最基本特征是能進(jìn)行

39、光合作用,One of the most fundamental characteristics of plants is their ability to photosynthesize.,段舜山 2020/6/21,51,Extreme temperatures generally reduce the rate of photosynthesis by plants.,極端溫度通常降低植物的光合速率,段舜山 2020/6/21,52,Fig 4.10 Temperature and photosynthesis.,段舜山 2020/6/21,53,寒帶和熱帶植物對(duì)溫度的響應(yīng)不同,The

40、moss and the desert shrub both photosynthesize at a maximum rate over some narrow range of temperatures. Both plants photosynthesize at lower rates at temperatures above and below this range. How do the responses of the boreal moss and desert shrub to temperature differ? The major difference is that

41、 their rates of photosynthesis peak at different temperatures.,段舜山 2020/6/21,54,兩種植物的生理差異反映了生存環(huán)境和演化歷史的差異,The moss and the shrub have substantially different optimal temperatures for photosynthesis. These physiological differences clearly reflect differences in the environments where these species li

42、ve and seem to say something about their evolutionary histories.,段舜山 2020/6/21,55,生物能夠適應(yīng)溫度的變化,Plant responses to temperature, as well as those of animals, can also reflect the short-term physiological adjustments(調(diào)節(jié))called acclimation (適應(yīng)). Acclimation involves physiological, not genetic, changes in

43、 response to temperature; acclimation is generally reversible（可逆的） with changes in environmental conditions.,段舜山 2020/6/21,56,一種沙漠植物對(duì)溫度的適應(yīng),Studies of A. lentiformis by Robert Pearcy (1977) clearly demonstrate the effect of acclimation on photosynthesis. The clones from the Death Valley plants were g

44、rown under two temperature regimes: one set in hot conditions of 43during the day and 30 at night; The other set under cool conditions of 23 during the day and 18 at night.,段舜山 2020/6/21,57,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,The plants grown in a cool environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate at about 32.低溫環(huán)境中植物的最大光合速率溫度為32

45、。 Those grown in a hot environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate at 40, a difference in the optimum temperature for photosynthesis of 8.高溫環(huán)境下植物的最大光合速率溫度為40，不同于光合作用的最適溫度8。,段舜山 2020/6/21,58,Fig 4.11 Growing temperatures and optimal temperature for photosynthesis.,段舜山 2020/6/21,59,2.3 Temperature

46、and bacterial activity 溫度與細(xì)菌活動(dòng),Bacteria appear to have adapted to all temperatures at which there is liquid water, from the frigid waters around the Antarctic to boiling hot springs.細(xì)菌似乎已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了從寒冷的南極水體到沸騰的溫泉所有液態(tài)水的溫度。 However, all bacteria that have been studied perform best over a fairly narrow range

47、of temperatures.然而, 所有研究過(guò)的細(xì)菌都是在相對(duì)狹窄的溫度范圍內(nèi)具有較高的活性。,段舜山 2020/6/21,60,生活在兩種相反的極端環(huán)境中的細(xì)菌,Two bacteria that live in environments at opposite extremes of the aquatic temperature spectrum. Richard Morita (1975) studied the effect of temperature on population growth among cold-loving, or psychrophilic(嗜冷的),

48、marine bacteria that live in the waters around Antarctica.研究了溫度對(duì)于生活在南極附近水域的喜冷或嗜冷海洋細(xì)菌的影響。,段舜山 2020/6/21,61,溫度對(duì)弧菌(Vibrio sp)生長(zhǎng)的影響,He isolated(分離) and cultured(培養(yǎng)) one of those bacteria, Vibrio sp., in a temperature-gradient incubator (培養(yǎng)箱) for 80 hours. During the experiment, the temperature gradient

49、within the incubator ranged from about -2 to just over 9. The results of the experiment show that this Vibrio sp. grows fastest at about 4.,段舜山 2020/6/21,62,Fig 4.12 Temperature and population growth by an Antarctic bacterium 南極溫度和細(xì)菌種群生長(zhǎng),段舜山 2020/6/21,63,細(xì)菌生存的環(huán)境溫度差異很大,Morita has recorded population

50、growth among some cold-loving bacteria at temperatures as low as -5.5. Morita記錄了喜冷細(xì)菌在溫度低至-5.5時(shí)的種群增長(zhǎng)情況。 Some species of bacteria can live at very high temperatures. Bacteria have been found living in all of the hot springs that have been studied.一些細(xì)菌物種可以在非常高的溫度下生活。已經(jīng)在所有的熱溫泉中發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)菌。,段舜山 2020/6/21,64,關(guān)于

51、嗜熱細(xì)菌的研究,Some of these heat-loving, or thermophilic(嗜熱), bacteria grow at temperatures above 100 in some marine environments.一些喜熱或嗜熱細(xì)菌可生長(zhǎng)在高于100的海洋熱液口環(huán)境中。 Some of the most intensive studies of thermophilic bacteria have been carried out in Yellowstone National Park by Thomas Brock (1978) and his stude

52、nts and colleagues.大部分關(guān)于嗜熱細(xì)菌的研究由Thomas Brock (1978) 和他的學(xué)生及同事在黃石國(guó)家公園進(jìn)行。,段舜山 2020/6/21,65,不同種群硫細(xì)菌的最適溫度,The temperature optimum for the Sulfolobus populations ranged from 63to 80 and was related to the temperature of the particular spring from which the bacteria came. For instance, one strain isolated

53、from a 59 spring oxidized sulfur at a maximum rate at 63. This Sulfolobus population oxidizes sulfur at a high rate within a temperature range of about 10.,段舜山 2020/6/21,66,Fig4.13 Hot spring microbes have a very high optimal temperature for population growth (data from Mosser, Mosser, and Brock 197

54、4). 溫泉細(xì)菌的最適溫度較高,段舜山 2020/6/21,67,小 結(jié),We have reviewed how temperature can affect bacterial activity, plant photosynthesis, and enzyme activity. These examples demonstrate that most organisms perform best over a fairly narrow range of temperature.,68,3 體溫調(diào)節(jié),Regulating body temperature,段舜山 2020/6/21,6

55、9,3.1 Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss 平衡熱量收支,Organisms regulate body temperature by manipulating heat gain and loss.生物通過(guò)獲得和釋放熱量調(diào)節(jié)體溫。 An equation, used by K. Schmidt-Nielsen (1983), can help us understand the components of heat that may be manipulated: Hs = Hm Hcd Hcv Hr He 總熱量= 代謝熱傳導(dǎo)熱對(duì)流熱輻射熱蒸發(fā)熱

56、 metabolism conduction convectionradiationevaporation,段舜山 2020/6/21,70,生物體與環(huán)境之間的熱交換,段舜山 2020/6/21,71,Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature are called ectotherms(變溫動(dòng)物). Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy, Hm, are ca

57、lled endotherms(溫血?jiǎng)游?.,Ectotherms and Endotherms 變溫動(dòng)物和溫血?jiǎng)游?段舜山 2020/6/21,72,植物和變溫動(dòng)物的體溫調(diào)節(jié),Temperature regulation presents both plants and ectothermic animals with a similar problem. Both groups of organisms rely primarily on external sources of energy. 植物和變溫動(dòng)物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)具有相似的問(wèn)題，兩類生物主要依賴外部能量來(lái)源。 Despite the

58、much greater mobility of most ectothermic animals, the ways in which plants and ectothermic animals solve these problems are similar. 盡管大部分變溫動(dòng)物有很大的活動(dòng)性，但是植物和變溫動(dòng)物解決這些問(wèn)題的方式基本上是相似的。,73,3.2 植物的體溫調(diào)節(jié),Temerature Regulation by Plants,段舜山 2020/6/21,74,Desert Plants 沙漠植物,The desert environment challenges plant

59、s to avoid overheating; that is, plants are challenged to reduce their heat storage, Hs.沙漠環(huán)境迫使植物面臨過(guò)高溫的挑戰(zhàn), 故其需要減少自身熱量?jī)?chǔ)存(Hs). The desert plants use morphology and behavior to alter heat exchange with the environment.沙漠植物利用形態(tài)學(xué)和行為學(xué)去改變與環(huán)境熱量的交換。,段舜山 2020/6/21,75,沙漠植物的熱平衡簡(jiǎn)化方程,Evaporative cooling of leaves, which would increase heat loss, He, is not a workable option because desert plants usually have inadequate supplies of water.缺水 Also, fo