1、下部結(jié)構(gòu)substructure橋墩pier 墩身pier body墩帽pier cap, pier coping臺帽abutment cap, abutment coping 蓋梁bent cap又稱“帽梁”。重力式橋墩gravity pier實體橋墩solid pier空心橋墩hollow pier柱式橋墩column pier, shaft pier單柱式橋墩single-columned pier, single shaft pier雙柱式橋墩two-columned pier, two shaft pier排架樁墩pile-bent pier丫形橋墩Y-shaped pier柔性墩f

2、lexible pier制動墩braking pier, abutment pier單向推力墩single direction thrusted pier抗撞墩anti-collision pier錨墩anchor pier輔助墩auxiliary pier破冰體ice apron防震擋塊anti-knock block, restrain block橋臺abutment臺身abutment body前墻front wall又稱“胸墻”。翼墻wing wall又稱“耳墻”。U形橋臺U-abutment八字形橋臺flare wing-walled abutment一字形橋臺head wall a

3、butmentT形橋臺T-abutment箱形橋臺box type abutment拱形橋臺arched abutment重力式橋臺gravity abutment埋置式橋臺buried abutment扶壁式橋臺counterfort abutment, buttressed abutment衡重式橋臺weight-balanced abutment錨碇板式橋臺anchored bulkhead abutment支撐式橋臺supported type abutment又稱“輕型橋臺”。組合式橋臺composite abutment橋臺后回填back filling behind abutme

4、nt橋梁基礎bridge foundation淺基礎shallow foundation深基礎deep foundation明挖基礎open cut foundation擴大基礎spread foundation沉井基礎open caisson foundation沉井刃腳caisson cutting edge氣壓沉箱基礎pneumatic caisson foundation管柱基礎colonnade foundation雙壁鋼圍堰鉆孔樁基礎double-walled steel cofferdam and bored pile foundation墩式基礎pier-foundation樁

5、基礎pile foundation排架樁基礎pile-bent foundation高承臺樁基礎high-rise platform pile foundation樁pile單樁individual pile, single pile群樁pile group又稱“樁群”。斜樁battered pile, raked pile錨樁anchor pile主樁key pile預制樁precast pile鋼筋混凝土樁concrete pile預應力混凝土樁prestressed concrete pile木樁timber pile鋼樁steel pile鋼管樁steel pipe pile混凝土管樁

6、concrete pipe pile鉆孔樁bored pile就地灌注樁cast-in-situ pile沉管灌注樁tube-sinking cast-in-situ pile板樁sheet pile微型樁mini-pile又稱“小型樁”。擴底樁under-reamed pile支擋樁soldier pile抗滑樁anti-slide pile排土樁displacement pile非排土樁non-displacement pile摩擦樁friction pile支承樁bearing pile嵌巖樁socketed pile挖孔樁cast-in-situ pile by excavation打

7、入樁driven pile承臺bearing platform, pile cap灌漿截水墻grouted cut-off wall灌漿帷幕grouted curtain地下連續(xù)墻continuous slurry wall, diaphragm wall支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活動支座expansion bearing, movable bearing合成橡膠支座elastomeric pad bearing板式橡膠支座laminated rubber bearing盆式橡膠支座pot rubber bearing聚四氟乙烯支座polytetrafluoroeth

8、ylene bearing, PTFE bearing鉛橡膠支座lead-rubber bearing滾軸支座roller bearing擺式支座rocker bearing平板支座plate bearing球形支座spherical bearing墊塊支座pad bearing活動伸縮縫支座sliding expansion bearing伸縮滾軸expansion roller拉壓支座tension-compression bearing鉸式支座knuckle bearing橋梁設計bridge design橋梁方案設計bridge conceptual design橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)設計bridg

9、e structure design橋梁細部設計bridge detail design荷載load實用荷載service load施工荷載construction load開裂荷載cracking load疲勞荷載fatigue load容許荷載allowable load破壞荷載failure load橋梁試運行荷載test run loading for bridge靜載static load動載dynamic load活載live load恒載dead load永久荷載permanent load可變荷載variable load偶然荷載accidental load非常荷載abnor

10、mal load環(huán)境荷載environmental load均布荷載uniform load,distributed load等代均布荷載equivalent uniform distributed load集中荷載concentrated load車道荷載lane load人群荷載pedestrian load風荷載wind load地震荷載earthquake load,seismic force又稱“地震力”。離心力centrifugal force沖擊力impact force制動力braking force船舶撞擊力ship collision force土壓力earth press

11、ure冰壓力ice pressure流水壓力flowing water pressure浮力buoyancy下拉荷載downdrag, negative friction of pile又稱“樁負摩擦力”。拱推力arch thrust基礎隆脹力heave force of foundation臨界壓曲荷載critical buckling load屈服破壞荷載failure load by buckling荷載組合loading combinations荷載效應load effect標準車輛荷載standard truck loading橋梁容許應力設計allowable stress des

12、ign of bridge橋梁極限狀態(tài)設計limit state design of bridge橋梁承載能力極限狀態(tài)ultimate limit state of bridge carrying capacity橋梁使用能力極限狀態(tài)serviceability limit state of bridge橋梁荷載系數(shù)設計法load factor design method of bridge橋梁概率極限狀態(tài)設計法probabilistic limit state design method of bridge橋梁優(yōu)化設計optimum design of bridge橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)可靠度reliab

13、ility of bridge structure可靠度基準期reliability datum period地震危險性分析seismic risk analysis橋梁抗震設計aseismatic design of bridge橋梁抗震穩(wěn)定性aseismatic stability of bridge地震基本烈度basic earthquake intensity設計烈度design intensity of earthquake地震震級earthquake magnitude地震加速度seismic acceleration疲勞設計fatigue design橋頭回填設計bridge e

14、nd backfilling design橋梁平面結(jié)構(gòu)plane structure for bridge橋梁空間結(jié)構(gòu)space structure for bridge靜定橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)statically determinate bridge structure超靜定橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)statically indeterminate bridge structure結(jié)構(gòu)體系轉(zhuǎn)換structure system transform結(jié)構(gòu)完整性structural integrity安全系數(shù)safety factor沖擊系數(shù)impact factor又稱“動力系數(shù)”。荷載系數(shù)load factor膨脹系數(shù)coe

15、fficient of expansion構(gòu)件member, element又稱“桿件”。節(jié)間panel梁腹web又稱“腹板”。翼緣flange又稱“法蘭”。加勁桿stiffener又稱“加勁肋”。加勁梁stiffening girder加勁腋haunch又稱“梁腋”。托架bracket俗稱“牛腿”。結(jié)點板gusset plate又稱“節(jié)點板”。剪力鍵shear key橫系桿lateral bracing風嘴wind fairing伸縮板expansion plate應力集中stress concentration應力腐蝕stress corrosion熱應力thermal stress又稱“

16、溫差應力”。支撐應力bearing stress組合應力combined stress容許應力allowable stress又稱“許用應力”。極限應力ultimate stress穩(wěn)定性stability剛度rigidity, stiffness位移displacement撓度deflection力矩moment, bending moment又稱“彎矩”。剪力shear雙力矩bi-moment力矩分配法moment distribution method又稱“彎矩分配法”。力矩包絡線moment envelope剪力分布shear distribution剪力滯后shear lag又稱“剪

17、滯”。影響線influence line影響面積influence area壓曲buckling又稱“壓屈”。扭曲distortion又稱“畸變”。翹曲warp顫振flutter馳振galloping抖振buffeting又稱“擊振”。渦流效應vortex shedding effect風致擺動wind induced oscillation撓度橫向分布transverse distribution of deflection荷載橫向分布transverse distribution of load杠桿原理法lever principle method偏心受壓法eccentric compre

18、ssion method剛性橫梁法rigid cross beam method鉸接梁法hinge connected beam method剛接梁法rigid connected beam method彈性梁支承法elastic supported beam method準正交各向異性板法quasi-orthotropic slab methodG M 法Guyon-Massonet method抗風穩(wěn)定性wind resisting stability空氣動力穩(wěn)定性aerodynamic stability風壓分布圖wind pressure distribution graph臨界風速c

19、ritical wind speed溫度梯度thermal gradient溫差temperature difference年均溫差annual mean temperature difference連拱作用continuous arch effect土-結(jié)構(gòu)共同作用soil-structure interaction橋梁承載能力load carrying capacity of bridge橋梁耐久性bridge durability地基承載力bearing capacity of subsoil單樁承載力bearing capacity of pile抗裂性crack resistance

20、裂縫控制crack control裂縫寬度限值limit of crack opening裂縫分布圖crack pattern疲勞限度fatigue limit磨損限值wear allowance又稱“容許磨耗”。使用狀態(tài)撓度限值deflection limit for serviceability結(jié)構(gòu)延展性structure ductility橋梁破損bridge failure橋梁破壞bridge collapse毀滅性破壞catastrophic collapse鋼筋銹蝕steel-bar corrosion橋梁計算機輔助設計computer aided design for bridg

21、e, CAD for bridge格構(gòu)比擬grillage analogy預應力度degree of prestressing全預應力混凝土fully prestressed concrete部分預應力混凝土partially prestressed concrete有限預應力混凝土limited prestressed concreteA類部分預應力混凝土type A partially prestressed concreteB類部分預應力混凝土type B partially prestressed concrete體內(nèi)預應力prestressing with bond體外預應力exte

22、rnal prestressing預彎法預應力prestressing without tendon by pre-bending復傳力法預應力prestressing by subsequent bond壓拉雙作用預應力prestressing with subsequent compression and tension后張自錨法預應力self-anchored post tensioning prestressing雙向預應力two-dimension prestressing三向預應力three-dimension prestressing非預應力鋼筋non-prestressed r

23、einforcement粘結(jié)的預應力筋bonded tendon消除粘結(jié)的預應力筋debonded tendon無粘結(jié)的預應力筋non-bonded tendon預應力損失loss of prestress管道摩擦損失loss due to duct friction錨具變形損失loss due to anchorage deformation錨具溫差損失loss due to anchorage temperature difference混凝土收縮損失loss due to concrete shrinkage混凝土彈性壓縮損失loss due to elastic compression

24、 of concrete混凝土徐變損失creep loss of concrete鋼筋預應力松弛損失loss due to tendon relaxation桿件縮短損失loss due to concrete member shortening桿件彎曲損失loss due to bending of concrete member錨具anchorage又稱“工作錨具”。夾具clamper又稱“工具錨具”。錐形錨具cone anchorage, Freyssinet cone anchorage又稱“弗氏錨”。夾片式錨具strand tapered anchorageVSL錨具VSL anchorage瑞士VSL 廠生產(chǎn)的國際通用夾片錨具。YM錨具Y-typed anchorage, post-tensioning strand group anchorage公路規(guī)劃設計院與新津筑路機械廠研制的Y型錐形三夾片式群錨。XM錨具X-typed anchorageX型三夾片式群錨。OVM錨具oriental cone anchorage東方（orient）公司與郴州廠研制的錐形二夾片式錨具。J M 1 2 型錨具J M 12 anchorage鐓頭錨bulb-end anchorage, BBRV anchora