1、獨立主格篇獨立主格，首先它是一個“格”，而不是一個“句子”。在英語中任何一個句子都要有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，沒有真正的主語和謂語動詞，但又在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主表關(guān)系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。除名詞/代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞、非謂語動詞及介詞短語外，另有with或without短語可做獨立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當(dāng)于一個并列句，通常放于句末。一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 名詞/代詞+形容詞He sat in

2、the front row, his mouth half open.Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸時，我看見幾汪深池塘，池水碧似藍天。2. 名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.也可以The question sett

3、led, we wound up the meeting.但含義稍有差異。前者強調(diào)了動作的先后。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。3. 名詞/代詞+過去分詞The job finished, we went home.More time given, we should have done the job much better.*當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，不及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，及物動詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenc

4、hed, his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那兒，牙關(guān)緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。4. 名詞/代詞+不定式We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.5. 名

5、詞/代詞+介詞短語I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.coat off名詞+副詞；head down名詞+副詞；pen in hand名詞+介詞短語。This Contract shall be signed in duplicate, one for each Party. 本合同一式兩份，雙方各執(zhí)一份。*名詞/代詞+介詞短

6、語中介詞為in時，其前后的兩個名詞一般不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞）。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A girl came in, book in hand. 如若有修飾詞，必須對稱出現(xiàn)，例句：A girl came in, a book in her hand. 故以下二句為錯誤用法：A girl came in, book in her hand.A girl came in, a book in hand. 而with短語則可隨意加限定詞。A girl came in, with some books in both hand

7、s. A girl came in, with a book in her hand. 6名詞/代詞+副詞Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.7 名詞/代詞+名詞He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.他和狼搏斗著，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。8 with+名詞+分詞（或形容詞、副詞、不定式等）He was asleep with his head on his arms.With John a

8、way, we have got more room.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.* with或without短語作定語，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，通常with前無逗號。He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。He was walking along the road without any street lights on it

9、s both sides. 他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。二、獨立主格的變化過程：When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.棺材入土后，牧師說了幾句安慰的話。三、獨立主格注意事項：1. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式：The chief-editors arriving, we began the meeting. （）The chief

10、-editor arriving, we began the meeting.（）2. 其他獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，其中以下結(jié)構(gòu)不能省略being (having been)：2.1 There being +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車

11、，所以我們不得不步行回家。2.2 邏輯主語為人稱代詞，being不可?。篒t being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關(guān)都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。2.3 當(dāng)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中 being done 表示“正在被做時”，being不可省略。This article deals with common soci

12、al problems, with much attention being paid to problems of teenagers.Food being cooked, I fell asleep.3. 獨立主格中的代詞要用主格形式，但也有例外：Everyone laughed, me included. （張道真英語語法商務(wù)印書館）。me included為賓格+過去分詞。Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping rec

13、ord, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.themselves included為反身代詞+過去分詞。四、具有獨立主格功能的其他結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 當(dāng)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的主語表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you時，主語可省略，此用法常用于下列表達方式中：generally speaking 一般來說st

14、rictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說talking of . 談到speaking of . 說到j(luò)udging from . 由來判斷taking all things into consideration 把一切都考慮在內(nèi)considering . 考慮到示例If we judge from his face, he must be ill.= Judging from his face, he must be ill.He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.= He has lots of books, conside

15、ring that he is young.Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的說來，這條規(guī)則很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所說的來判斷，他一定是一個誠實的人。2. 有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式，表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest（老實說），to be sure （確實），to tell you the truth （說實話），to cut a long story short （

16、長話短說），to be frank （坦率地說），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.說實話，我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.情況更糟的是，許多男

17、人都去城市找工資較高的工作，而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續(xù)承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。*獨立主格的時態(tài)問題：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。The question having being settled, we wound up the meeting.附with的用法：介詞with用法詳解篇With是一個十分有用的介詞，其用法也比較復(fù)雜，以下用法值得注意：1. 表示“關(guān)于，對，就來說”等。如：Jenny didnt want

18、 him to do that because her parents were very strict with her. 詹妮不想讓他那么做，因為她的父母對她要求很嚴(yán)。（還有短語：be angry with sb.） Everything was going well with us. 我們的一切都進行得很順利。 Something is with the computer. 那臺電腦出了毛病。2. 表示“在范圍”，有“在工作”、“是的成員”或“被雇用”等。 He got a job with a motor company. 他在一家汽車公司找到了工作。 He has been with

19、 our school for 28 years. 他在我們學(xué)校工作了28年。3. 譯作“同/跟（一起）”，如：I went to the cinema with my mother. 我和我媽媽去看電影了。4. with表示擁有某物：Mary married a man with a lot of money.馬莉嫁給了一個有著很多錢的男人。I often dream of a big house with a nice garden.我經(jīng)常夢想有一個帶花園的大房子。The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island.這個老人和一

20、條小狗住在荒島上。5. with表示方式、手段或工具等時（=以，用，被），注意不要受漢語意思的影響而用錯搭配，如“用英語”習(xí)慣上用in English，而不是with English。I cut the apple with a sharp knife.我用一把鋒利的刀削平果。Tom drew the picture with a pencil.湯母用鉛筆畫畫。The table is covered with a nice cloth. 那張桌子用一塊漂亮的布蓋著。 The window had been broken with a stone. 窗戶被一塊石頭打碎了。 The paveme

21、nt on each side was crowded with smiling people. 兩邊的人行道上擠滿了微笑的人們。 He was killed with a knife. 他被人用刀刺死了。Mr. Black came to China with a plane called 737. 布來克先生乘坐一架名為737的飛機來中國的。6. with表人與人之間的協(xié)同關(guān)系make friends with sbtalk with sbquarrel with sbstruggle with sbfight with sbplay with sbwork with sbcooperat

22、e with sbI have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him .自從我們一起工作以來，我和湯姆已經(jīng)是十年的朋友了，我們從沒有吵過架。7. with表原因或理由：John was in bed with high fever.約翰因發(fā)燒臥床。He jumped up with joy.他因高興跳起來。Father is often excited with wine.父親常因白酒變的興奮。With so many th

23、ings to do, he has to work full times. 由于有這么多的事要做，他不得不全日工作。He passed the exam with her help. 在她的幫助下，他考試及格了。 She jumped with joy. 她高興得跳起來。8. with表“帶來”，或“帶有、具有”，在身上，在身邊之意The woman with a baby in her arms was my teacher in the middle school. 那位懷抱孩子的婦女就是我中學(xué)時的老師。The girl with golden hair looks beautiful.

24、那個金頭發(fā)的女孩看起來漂亮。The famous director will come to the meeting with the leading actor and actress.那個有名的導(dǎo)演將帶著男女主角來到會場。A storm with a hurricane has come onto its way.帶有颶風(fēng)的風(fēng)暴要來了。Do you have money with you?身上帶著錢嗎？ Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.隨身帶傘，以防下雨。9. with表想法，信念，態(tài)度與一致I agree with you on h

25、ow to deal with it.關(guān)于此事如何處理，我同意你的看法。I believe with the headmaster that a good teacher should not only teach a student what to learn but also how to learn it.我相信校長所說，一個好老師不但教學(xué)生學(xué)什么，而且應(yīng)教學(xué)生怎么去學(xué)。Are you with us or against us? 你是擁護我們還是反對我們？ The dog was fighting with the cat. 狗在和貓打架。 Our team is playing wi

26、th the team from No. 2 Middle School. 我們的球隊正在和二中的球隊比賽。10. with表示讓步，“雖有、盡管”With all his money and fame, he is not happy.盡管他擁有金錢和名譽，他還是不快樂。With good teachers and warmhearted classmates, the new comer feels lonely.雖有著好老師和熱心的同學(xué)，這個新來的還是感覺孤獨。With all his shortcomings, he was a conscientious worker. 盡管他有缺點

27、，但他卻是一個勤勤懇懇的工人。11. with表同時，或同一方向，“隨著”With the development of science and technology, our living standards have missed a lot. 隨著科技的發(fā)展，我們的生活水平得到了很大的提高。The temperature of cold-blooded animals change with the temperature of the surroundings.冷血動物的體溫隨著周圍的環(huán)境的改變而變化。The big ship is sailing with the wind.這個大船

28、正隨風(fēng)向航行。And with the last words, she turned away.隨著最后一句話說完，他轉(zhuǎn)身離開了。比較with和as：兩者均可表示“隨著”，但前者是介詞，后接名詞或代詞；后者是連詞，用于引導(dǎo)一個句子。比較：He will improve as he grows older. 隨著年齡的增長，他會進步的。Peoples ideas change with the change of the times. 時代變了，人們的觀念也會變化12. 與某些抽象名詞連用時，其作用相當(dāng)于一個副詞。如：with care=carefully 認(rèn)真地with kindness=ki

29、ndly 親切地with joy=joyfully 高興地with anger=angrily 生氣地with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲傷地with ease=easily 容易地with delight=delightedly 高興地with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地13. 表示條件時，根據(jù)情況可與虛擬語氣連用。如：With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是錢多一點，我就買得起了。With better equipment, we could have finished the job

30、even sooner. 要是設(shè)備好些，我們完成這項工作還要快些。12. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“with+賓語+賓語補足語”是一個很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)。With結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作定語（Ilikeeatingthemoon cakeswitheggs.）。另外主要用作狀語，表示伴隨、原因、時間、條件、方式等；其中的賓語補足語可以是名詞、形容詞、副詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、介詞短語等。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關(guān)系，而在邏輯上，卻具有主謂關(guān)系，也就是說，可以用第一部分作主語，第二部分作謂語，構(gòu)成一個句子。with結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中的位置：with結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在

31、句子前面，并用逗號與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子后面，不用逗號分開。若with結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞之后，一般不用逗號隔開。with結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語時，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在with結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，表示主動，但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成。with結(jié)構(gòu)與一般的with短語的區(qū)別：with結(jié)構(gòu)具有上述功能和特點，而“介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)”組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。作狀語時，它能表示動作的方式、原因，但不能表示時間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中，wit

32、h后面所跟的不是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例句：(1) with+賓語+形容詞He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常開著窗睡覺。Dont speak with your mouth full. 不要滿嘴巴食物說話。He left the room with the door open.門開著，他就離開了屋子。Dont talk with your mouse full.嘴里滿是東西時不要說話。(2) with+賓語+副詞He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。H

33、e was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。With the radio on, grandma slept deeply in the chair.收音機開者，奶奶在椅子里沉沉的睡著。With Tom away, I always feel lonely.湯母不在，我一直感覺孤獨。(3) with +賓語+介詞短語She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含著眼淚說了聲再見。The man was asleep with his head on his arms. 這個人頭枕著胳膊

34、睡著了。The man left the meeting with a book in his hand.這個男人手里拿著書離開了會議。The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.那個脖子上帶項鏈的女人一定很有錢。With us on their side, they will win. 如果我們在他們那一邊，他們就會贏。(4) with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病, 我無法去度假。They started working with the machine running.(5) with +賓語+過去分詞He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with th