1、.,1,To do 不定式,.,2,.,3,1不定式的用法 1）作主語 不定式短語作主語時(shí)，一般表示具體的、個(gè)別的、一次性的或具有將來意義的動(dòng)作,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 To master a foreign Language requires painstaking effort (辛苦的努力). To combine theory withpractice is a good way of learning.,.,4,It動(dòng)詞賓語等 to do sth It makes me sick to think about it. It does you a lot of good _( swim) i

2、n the rivers. Itbe表語 to do sth It was right to give up smoking. It was beyond me_( help)him. Itbe表語 for sb. to do sth/for sth. to be done It is important for you to attend that meeting. It is a good idea _ the books _ (give) to her. Itbe表語of名詞/代詞to do sth It is kind of you to offer me this lovely ho

3、liday. It was careless_you _( leave) your book on the bus.,to swim,to help,for,to be given,of,to leave,.,5,2）作表語： 動(dòng)詞不定式放在be，become，sound，taste等系動(dòng)詞后面常表示將來的動(dòng)作或起解釋說明作用，其主語常常是wish，idea，task，purpose，duty，job等表示意向、打算、計(jì)劃的詞。 My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software.我的目標(biāo)是在開發(fā)電腦軟件的公司里工

4、作。 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語時(shí)也常用來表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或表示未來的可能性或假設(shè)。 The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)校大門口見面。,.,6,注意：當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語的不定式也可不帶to. The only thing you can do is (to)wait and see.,.,7,3）作賓語 以下動(dòng)詞可用于：主語動(dòng)詞to do I cannot afford _( pay) such a price. We decided not to go out because of the

5、weather.,afford, agree, aim, attempt, begin, decide, demand, deserve, fail, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, manage, mean, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, strive, swear, threaten, try, volunteer,to pay,.,8,以下動(dòng)詞可用于：主語動(dòng)詞（on/for）賓語to do（賓語） Can you arrange

6、 for the instruments to be delivered on Monday? I am counting on(依靠) all of you to help me through?,rely, count, arrange, long, wait,.,9,以下動(dòng)詞可用于：主語動(dòng)詞疑問詞to do（賓適） He asked how to get to the station. I dont know whether to apply for the job or not.,ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, learn,

7、wonder,.,10,以下動(dòng)詞可用于：主語動(dòng)詞it賓補(bǔ)to do（賓語） I dont think it necessary to go on with the experiment. I consider _ my duty_(write) to you and thank you.,believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take, think, understa

8、nd,it,to write,.,11,4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 下列動(dòng)詞可用于“動(dòng)詞賓語to do”結(jié)構(gòu)。 I advise/allow/ask you to leave. We shall request the committee to consider our suggestion. I recommend you _( buy) this dictionary.,advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, dare, determine, direct, discover, drive, enable, expect, encour

9、age, forbid, force, get, inform, invite, order, permit, persuade, prepare, recommend, remind, request, require, send, teach, urge, want, warn, wish,to buy,.,12,在下列感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞用于“動(dòng)詞賓語do”結(jié)構(gòu) We felt the house shake. They made the boy go to bed early. I saw her_( leave) the classroom quietly. Could you hav

10、e him call me when he gets back?,一感（feel），二聽（hear, listen to），三使役（make, let, have），五看（see,look at, watch, notice, observe）,leave,.,13,說明：這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)都必須帶to. let的被動(dòng)形式通常用allowpermitgive permission的被動(dòng)形式。例如 I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. I let him go. He was allowed/

11、permitted to go. 動(dòng)詞help后接動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語省略的情況常見于美國(guó)英語中。,.,14,注意： have sb.do sth用于通常情況下期望別人為自己做事，常指份內(nèi)該做的事； get sb. to do sth用于勸說別人做我們所希望的事，常指有一定難度； make sb. do sth 指使用權(quán)力或權(quán)威追使別人做不情愿做的事。例如 He had the salesperson show him 12 pairs of shoes. The boss had us prepare a progress report every week. It took a long ti

12、me, but finally I got my boss to let me take a week off. How does the teacher get her students to stay so quiet? How can I make her wear this dress if she doesnt want to? The robber made the clerk give him the money.,.,15,下列動(dòng)詞可用于“動(dòng)詞賓語to be形容詞或名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。 I believe him to be honest. Everybody consider thi

13、s _a fact. I judge him to be about fifty. He declared himself to be a member of the club.,believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess,imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think,to be,.,16,hope, demand, suggest等后不能接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 I hope/demand/suggest you to come.（錯(cuò)誤） I hope th

14、at you can come on time.（正確） I demand/suggest that you should come on time. (正確) 說明：將不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。也就是說，它與句子主語構(gòu)成了主謂關(guān)系。例如 I thought him to be the best player of the basketball. He is thought to be the best player of the basketball. We saw him enter the hall He was seen to enter th

15、e hall.,.,17,5）作定語 It was the first book to have appeared on the subject He was the first one to have been invited to the party 不定式作定語有時(shí)幾乎等于一個(gè)定語從句，有時(shí)具有情態(tài)意義，大都用于表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如 He is not a man to bow before difficulties.（不可能會(huì)） She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. (必須做） It isnt a t

16、hing to talk about.（不應(yīng)該談?wù)摚?Well have more activities like this in the few weeks to come. (將要到來） The conference to take place in Shanghai next month is of great importance.（將要發(fā)生）,.,18,在某些由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞后常接不定式作定語 I dont trust his promise_(come) for a visit. He has persisted in(堅(jiān)持) her refusal to spend Christ

17、mas at school. 注意：在intention或hope后常接“of 動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”形式。,agreement, arrangement, attempt, claim, decision,desire, determination, failure, need, offer, plan, pleasure promise, refusal, tendency, threat, warning, wish 等,to come,.,19,某些由形容詞派生的名詞后常接不定式作定語 Your ability_( analyze) the problem really surpr

18、ises me. He has fulfilled his ambition to be a writer.,ability, ambition, anxiety, capability, curiosity,eagerness, freedom, patience, readiness, willingness等,to analyze,.,20,用于說明某些名詞的內(nèi)容，常接不定式作定語 You must have the courage to say “No”. We have good reason to believe that he is lying.,appeal,campaign,

19、 chance, courage, effort,evidence, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, sense, skill struggle, talent, way等,.,21,說明名詞或代詞所起的作用，與不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 A：中心詞是名詞 We are in need of nurses to take care of children. I need a box to hold my books. B：中心詞是代詞 Have you anything to cure my bad cold? There is no o

20、ne to look after the child.,.,22,在the only、序數(shù)詞（ the first, the second）、順序詞（ the last,the next)或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞后用不定式作定語. Linda was the only one _(stay) for the whole performance. They are the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comfort. 他們吃苦在前，享樂在后。 The youngest person _(enter) the programme was j

21、ust fourteen.,the only；序數(shù)詞： the first， the second 順序詞： the last， the next；形容詞最高級(jí) 名詞不定式,to stay,to enter,.,23,說明：作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或不定式修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后須有相應(yīng)的介詞。帶直接賓語的不定式修飾一個(gè)間接賓語時(shí)，也應(yīng)加上相應(yīng)的介詞。例如： He is looking for a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. I have no idea whom to give

22、this message to. 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上可省去。如 He had no money and no place to live (in).,.,24,6）作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、條件、原因或程度 作目的狀語：（有以下幾種表達(dá)方式） In order to accomplish the task, we must work very hard. We turned the lights off in order not to waste electricity. _( stop) the train, pull the lev

23、er(控制桿) downwards. I need a backpack to carry things.,A: (in order) to動(dòng)詞原形,To stop,.,25,Check your composition so as to avoid mistakes. The test questions are kept secret so as to prevent cheating. My father bought a new book for me to read. I stopped and waited for her to catch up. 說明：美國(guó)英語中，動(dòng)詞come,

24、 go后接不定式表目的時(shí)可以省略to。例如: Come watch TV with us this evening. Ill go tell him about it.,B：so as to動(dòng)詞原形（通常不置于句首),C：for.to動(dòng)詞原形（不定式本身有自己的主語),.,26,作結(jié)果狀語：（有以下表達(dá)方式） He arrived at the station too late to catch the early train. We found the room too small to hold so many people. 說明：通?！眛oo.to”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式具有否定意義。但如果”

25、too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞為 anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing，其后的不定式表示肯定。 He was too surprised to see how angry her father was. 看到父親那么生氣，她非常吃驚。 We were too willing to offer them what we had.,A：too.to 動(dòng)詞原形,.,27,當(dāng)all, but, not, never, only, quite, really等后接”too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)“

26、too”的含義為very”，不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。例如 Im only too glad to stay at home. 我太想留在家里啦。 Its never too late to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。,.,28,What have I done to offend(冒犯) you? He hurried to the school _(find) nobody there. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,B：（only）to動(dòng)詞原形(find /discover/ realize),only to find,

27、.,29,作原因狀語（一般不置于句首）：不定式的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞，但很少用完成式。大部分表達(dá)情感等的原因，有以下3種句型 I could not but laugh to hear such a funny story. I rejoiced(高興) to learn that his son was admitted to the university.,A：主語表示感情的不及物動(dòng)詞不定式,.,30,I am glad to see her in such good health. I am sorry to give you so much trouble. We were very excited _(hear)the news.,B：主語be表情緒或感情的形容詞過去分詞不定式,afraid, angry, anxious, eager, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, delighted, disappointed, excited, shocked, surprised,to hear,.,31,The boy