1、六級強化閱讀（第二節(jié)）,主講：孔瑋 新浪微博：孔瑋 Vicky,反關系：重點在后頭。 順關系：后面信息往往是對前面信息的補充說明。,邏輯走向,轉折：but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless unfortunately（前好后壞） 讓步：though, although, even if, in fact, actually, of course 對比：on the contrary, by contrast; on the other hand,反關系邏輯詞,順承：and, in the same way, that is to say, sim

2、ilarly, likewise （同樣地） 羅列：first; another, someothers, besides, in addition, whats more, moreover, furthermore,順關系邏輯詞,舉例：for example, for instance, a case in point, say, think of, claim 因果：because, since, as, for, so, therefore, now that, thus, hence, as a result accordingly, consequently,順關系邏輯詞,干擾選項

3、特征,1. 拼湊細節(jié),a b d i s,干擾選項特征,2. 無中生有,忠于原文,特別注意：未提及的常識和真理絕對不能選。,干擾選項特征,3. 反客為主,文章中客觀描述， 選項中人為加入主觀態(tài)度。,干擾選項特征,3. 反客為主,文章中客觀描述， 選項中人為加入主觀態(tài)度。,特別注意：應試閱讀是讓你讀懂作者的觀點，不是讓你讀懂了 之后還發(fā)表自己的主觀看法。,干擾選項特征,4. 極端錯誤,文章中未出現(xiàn)的極端詞匯不能出現(xiàn)在選項中。,干擾選項特征,4. 極端錯誤,極端詞匯 唯一性詞匯：only, unique, simply, sole, exclusively 排他性詞匯：always, never,

4、 most, every/any (one, thing) 形容詞副詞最高級,干擾選項特征,5. 大小做題 （擴大或縮小范圍）,文章中限定語不能隨意取消。,干擾選項特征,5. 大小做題,文章中限定語不能隨意取消。,限定語 名詞 形容詞 定語從句 狀語 （包括狀語從句，尤其注意條件狀語從句）,干擾選項特征,6. 變性手術,文章中某詞的詞性或詞形到選項中發(fā)生了變化。（伴隨意思改變）,custom customs speed speeding arm arms,Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what ma

5、kes an ideal romantic relationship can be swayed by the society we live in. So says psychologist Maureen OSullivan from the University of San Francisco. She suggests that humans have always tried to strengthen the pair-bond to maximise (使最大化) reproductive success.,61. What does the author say about

6、peoples views of an ideal romantic relationship? （2013.6）,A) They are influenced by psychologists. B) They ensure the reproductive success. C) They reflect the evolutionary process. D) They vary from culture to culture.,Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what makes an ide

7、al romantic relationship can be swayed by the society we live in.,重點詞匯,D) They vary from culture to culture.,重點表達,不同的人有不同的看法 Different people have different idea. = This viewpoint varies from individual to individual.,Many societies throughout history and around the world today have cultivated stron

8、g pressures to stay married. In those where ties to family and community are strong, lifelong marriages can be promoted by practices such as the cultural prohibition of divorce and arranged marriages that are seen as a contract between two families, not just two individuals.,62. We can infer from th

9、e passage that strong family and community ties _.,A) can contribute to stable marriages B) largely rely on marriage contracts C) often run counter to romantic love D) make divorces virtually unacceptable,C) often run counter to romantic love,重點詞匯,定位詞模糊時的局限定位,結合題目順序。 結合題干時間，主體等限定信息。 結合題干方向，語氣等態(tài)度信息。

10、注意轉折、遞進、總結、表態(tài)等重點句。,The urge to quantity is embedded in our society. But the idea that statisticians can then capture an objective reality isnt just impossible. It also leads to serious misjudgments. Democrats and republicans can and will take sides on a number of issues, but a more crucial concern i

11、s that both are basing major policy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and open mind.,56. At the end of the passage, the author suggests that_ (2013.6),statisticians improve their data assembling methods. Decision makers view the statisti

12、cs with a critical eye politicians listen more before making policy decisions Democrats and republicans cooperate on crucial issues.,A rather than B 是A而不是B （強調的是A）,重點表達,Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite

13、resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign c

14、ollapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the blocs larger problem.,61. Whats the problem with the European Union? (2012.6),Conservative ideology. Shrinking market. Lack of resources. Excessive borrowing.,the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collap

15、se,重點詞匯,區(qū)分論點和論據的方法,句子后有人名，數字，時間等列舉-列舉點就是論據。 抽象觀點或概念后，有具體例子-例子就是論據。 若前面有完整句子,后面出現(xiàn)引號引用某人的話-該引用一定為論據。 若前面有完整句子，后以for example, take sth for example ,such as, take, consider, like 等開始的句子-該句為論據。 5. 論點的位置-論據前或論據后。,論點大于論據。 論點要放慢速度理解透徹，論據加快閱讀速度。 論點實在看不懂再通過論據幫助理解。,論點論據理解原則,1 Amid all the job losses, theres on

16、e category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. 2 From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers

17、 but actually kicking them out of their jobs. 3 Automation isnt just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers. 4 “Robots continue to have a

18、n impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economics professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning were producing as much as before, only

19、 with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation. 5 Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automatio

20、 might use fewer workers, but thats still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.,52. What do we learn from the first few paragraphs? (2012.12),1 Amid all the job losses, theres one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. 2 From self-service ch

21、eckout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs. 3 Automation isnt just affecting factory workers, either

22、. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers. 4 “Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economi

23、cs professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning were producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing

24、(外包) stealing far more jobs than automation. 5 Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automatio might use fewer workers, but thats still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.,53

25、. What caused the greatest loss of jobs in America? (2012.12),1 Amid all the job losses, theres one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. 2 From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal b

26、odies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs. 3 Automation isnt just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal docume

27、nts, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers. 4 “Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economics professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domesti

28、c product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning were producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation. 5 Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry As

29、sociation, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automatio might use fewer workers, but thats still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.,54. What does Jeff Burnstein say about robots? (2012.12),Amid all the job losses, theres one category

30、of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually

31、 kicking them out of their jobs. Automation isnt just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers.,52. What do we learn from the first few par

32、agraphs? (2012.12),The over-use of robots has done damage to American economy. B) It is hard for robots to replace humans in highly professional work. C) Artificial intelligence is key to future technological innovations. D) The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession.,4 “Robots c

33、ontinue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economics professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning were producing as muc

34、h as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation.,53. What caused the greatest loss of jobs in America? (2012.12),A) Using microprocessors extensively. B) Moving production to other coun

35、tries. C) The bankruptcy of many companies. D) The invasion of migrant workers.,1. 因果關系題 問推動或導致某現(xiàn)象的原因、因素 問被某現(xiàn)象導致或推動的結果、后果 尋找文中因果關系,細節(jié)題,1. 因果連詞及副詞 since, as, consequently, accordingly, therefore,常見因果詞,2. 因果關系搭配表達 (1) A 是原因，B是結果 A, so that B, A, as a result, B A result in B A contribute to B attribute

36、 A to B A lead to B,常見因果詞,2. 因果關系搭配表達 (2) A 是結果，B是原因 A stem from B, A originate from B A, as a result of B A result from B Due to/ thanks to +原因,常見因果詞,3. 表因果的動詞 養(yǎng)nurture, cultivate, foster, 促進 promote, boost, bring about, fuel, launch, trigger, fire, ignite, Inspire, stimulate, spur, prompt,常見因果詞,Sa

37、me goes for surgeons, whore using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operationsnot because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet.,They save lots of money fo

38、r the patients. They beat humans in precision. They take less time to perform a surgery. They make operations less painful.,55. Why are robotic systems replacing surgeons in more and more operations according to Dr. Myriam Curet? (2012-12),56. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in Chi

39、na and India? （2012.6）, Just a few decades ago, Asias two giants were stagnating under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, t

40、hey balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government.”,Free market plus government intervention. Heavy reliance on the hand of government. Copy

41、ing western-style economic behavior. Timely reform of government at all levels.,顯性因果：定位句前后明確有因果關系詞或表達。 why, because, so, reason, effect, due to, thanks to 隱性因果：定位句前后并無明確因果關系詞或表達。 尋找定位句前后正確細節(jié)。 該細節(jié)與題干能構成邏輯上的因果關系。,因果定位,62. Why does the author deem it inappropriate for Harvard to confer an honorary degr

42、ee on Oprah Winfrey? (2014.6),Honorary degrees are often conferred on non-academic leaders in the arts, business, and politics. Harvards list in recent years has included Kofi Annan, Bill Gates, Meryl Streep, and David Souter. But Oprahs particular brand of celebrity is not a good fit for the values

43、 of a university whose motto ( 座右銘) , Veritas, means truth. Oprahs passionate advocacy extends, unfortunately, to a hearty embrace of fake science. Most notoriously, Oprahs validation of Jenny McCarthys claim that vaccines cause autism (自閉癥) has no doubt contributed to much harm through the foolish

44、avoidance of vaccines.,A) She did not specialize in the study of law. B) She was known as supporter of fake science. C) She was an icon of the entertainment industry. D) She had not distinguished herself academically.,53. Why did many American scholars become enthusiastic about humanistic studies af

45、ter World War II ? (2010.12),Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War , the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars