1、a,1,Relevance Theory,a,2,The Origin of Relevance Theory,Grice的合作原則提出來后，在語用學(xué)界引起很大反響, 不少學(xué)者對(duì)他提出修正和補(bǔ)充。人們開始把Grice的合作原則的四準(zhǔn)則稱為古典格萊斯會(huì)話含義理論，而把對(duì)Grice會(huì)話含義理論所作做的種種修正的理論統(tǒng)稱為新格萊斯會(huì)話含義理論 (Neo-Griceanism)。 新格萊斯會(huì)話含義理論對(duì)古典格萊斯會(huì)話含義理論在有些方面作了補(bǔ)充和修正,最有影響的是： Levinson 的會(huì)話含義三原則 Sperber 而最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性就是話語理解時(shí)付出有效的努力之后所獲得的足夠的語境效果(adequate

2、effects for no unjustifiable effort)。人類認(rèn)知往往與最大關(guān)聯(lián)性相吻合,因而,交際只期待產(chǎn)生一個(gè)最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性,a,7,Sperber和Wilson又在“內(nèi)容條件”（content condition）上對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)性作了如下的定義： Extend condition 1: an assumption is relevant in a context to the extent that its contextual effect in this context are large. 內(nèi)容條件一：如果一個(gè)命題在一個(gè)語境假設(shè)中的語境效果大，那么這個(gè)命題在這個(gè)語境中就具有關(guān)

3、聯(lián)性。 Extend condition 2: an assumption is relevant in a context to the extent that the effort required to process it in this context is small. 內(nèi)容條件二：如果一個(gè)命題在一個(gè)語境假設(shè)中所需的處理努力小，那么這個(gè)命題在這個(gè)語境中就具有關(guān)聯(lián)性。 （Sperber, D & Wilson,D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 1986:125）,a,8,因此，話語所具有的語境效果（Contextual Effect

4、）和處理話語時(shí)所作的努力（Processing Effort推理努力） 是確定關(guān)聯(lián)性的兩個(gè)因素 (1) 語境效果與話語的關(guān)聯(lián)性成正比關(guān)系: 在其他條件相同的情況下，語境效果越大，關(guān)聯(lián)性越強(qiáng)； (2) 處理話語所付出的努力是負(fù)面的因素，與關(guān)聯(lián)性成反比關(guān)系:在其他條件相同的情況下，處理話語的努力越小，關(guān)聯(lián)性就越強(qiáng)。,關(guān)聯(lián)性Relevance,語境效果 Contextual Effect,推理努力 Processing Effort,a,9,Degrees of Relevance（關(guān)聯(lián)的程度） Sperber和Wilson認(rèn)為，關(guān)聯(lián)的程度取決于話語所具有的語境效果和處理話語所付出的努力這兩個(gè)因素。

5、關(guān)聯(lián)依賴于語境，依賴于交際主體的認(rèn)知能力和認(rèn)知環(huán)境，所以關(guān)聯(lián)有強(qiáng)弱的程度之分。 關(guān)聯(lián)的強(qiáng)弱程度只能用一些粗略的判斷加以比較和描述，而不能對(duì)之作絕對(duì)的量化分析。 關(guān)聯(lián)是一個(gè)由最大關(guān)聯(lián)到最小關(guān)聯(lián)或無關(guān)聯(lián)的連續(xù)體(continuum)，簡(jiǎn)略些說可分為最大關(guān)聯(lián)（maximally relevant）,強(qiáng)關(guān)聯(lián)（very relevant）,弱關(guān)聯(lián)（weakly relevant）和完全不關(guān)聯(lián)（irrelevant）,a,10,1) A: How long did the concert last? B: Two hours and a half. (2) A: I am out of petrol. B

6、: here is a garage around the corner. (3) A: Will you have some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. (4) 5 May 1881 was a sunny day in Kabul. You are now reading a book. You are fast asleep.,Examples,Maximally Relevant,Very Relevant,Weakly Relevant,a,11,Presumption of optimal relevance: (a) The se

7、t of assumptions I which the communicator intends to make manifest to the addressee is relevant enough to make it worth the addressees while to process the ostensive stimulus. (b) The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one the communicator could have used to communicate I (a)說話人希望向聽話人明確表明的一組假設(shè)I

8、具有足夠的關(guān)聯(lián)性,值得聽話人付出努力對(duì)該明示假設(shè)進(jìn)行加工處理。(b)明示刺激是說話人能夠傳遞該假設(shè)I的最具關(guān)聯(lián)性的刺激 Presumption of optimal relevance: (a) The ostensive stimulus is relevant enough for it to be worth the addressees effort to process it. (b) The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one compatible with the communicators abilities and pref

9、erences. (a)明示刺激(ostensive stimulus)具有足夠的關(guān)聯(lián)性,值得聽話人付出努力進(jìn)行加工處理。(b)明示刺激與說話人的能力和偏愛(preferences)相一致,因而最具關(guān)聯(lián)性。,a,12,The modification of RT,不管聽話人會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的需求,我們不可能總是希望說話人生成最大關(guān)聯(lián)性的話語,他/她也許不愿意或不能夠提供最關(guān)聯(lián)的信息,或者以最恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞匠尸F(xiàn)該信息,這一點(diǎn)是很清楚的。最佳關(guān)聯(lián)這一概念的提出是為了研究,根據(jù)話語理解時(shí)所付出的努力和語境效果,受話者應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生什么樣的期待。根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)的交際原則,每個(gè)明示的交際行為都應(yīng)設(shè)想為它本身具有最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。

10、 在第一版中,Sperber和Wilson指出,尋找關(guān)聯(lián)主要指最低限度的關(guān)聯(lián)(即滿足說話人的期待),只要找到關(guān)聯(lián)就不再找了。但在新版中,他們認(rèn)識(shí)到,一個(gè)話語的關(guān)聯(lián)性可以比期待的關(guān)聯(lián)要大。為了取得完滿的語境效果,在尋找關(guān)聯(lián)的過程中,要進(jìn)一步追求較高層次的關(guān)聯(lián)。于是,Sperber和Wilson提出了修改以后的最佳關(guān)聯(lián)假設(shè)(Sperber&Wilson,1995:270):,a,13,相比之下,修改以后的關(guān)聯(lián)假設(shè)在某些方面比舊假 設(shè)更具解釋力。例如,在解釋“等級(jí)暗含”(scalar implicatures)時(shí),修改以后的關(guān)聯(lián)假設(shè)解釋得更清楚: (2)Some of our neighbors h

11、ave pets (3)Not all of our neighbors have pets (4)The speaker doesnt know whether all her neighbors have pets 在絕大多數(shù)情況下,(2)暗含(3)、(4),因?yàn)閟ome既可以表示not all,也可以表示說話人這一方對(duì)事件不 太了解。但以上暗含是可以取消的,如加上and maybe all,(4)的暗含意義就能被取消。,a,14,Types of cognitive effects,According to RT, a cognitive effect is a result of in

12、teraction between new and old information.,a,15,A. Strengthening,The new information may provide further evidence for, and therefore strengthen ,old assumption. E.g. Peter: Do you also think Mary is generous? Jack: She has invited me to dinner quite a number of times.,a,16,B. Contradiction,The new i

13、nformation may provide counter-evidence for some old assumption, and may eventually lead to the abandonment of it. E.g. Peter: Do you also think Mary is generous? Jack: She has never invited me to dinner.,a,17,C. Contextual implication,The new information is combined with the old information to yield a contextual implication- an implication that is derivable from neither the old nor the new information alone. E.g. Peter: Is Mary a generous person? Jack: She has invited me to dinner quite a few times.,a,18,Assessment of Relevance Theory 關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)語用學(xué)的三條貢獻(xiàn)： （1）它對(duì)Grice的語用學(xué)