1、文獻綜述摘要：隨著工業(yè)時代的不斷發(fā)展，人們對電力供應的要求越來越高，特別是供電的穩(wěn)固性、可靠性和持續(xù)性。變電站是電力系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，它直接影響整個電力系統(tǒng)的安全與經(jīng)濟運行，電網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)固性、可靠性和持續(xù)性往往取決于變電站的合理設計和配置。降壓變電所正朝著高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟方向發(fā)展。 關(guān)鍵字：發(fā)展 變電站 高效 穩(wěn)定 重要作用本課題來源及研究的目的和意義 我國的變電站發(fā)展，至今為止，大約可以分為二個階段：第一個階段80年代末，我國的電網(wǎng)相當薄弱，南北電網(wǎng)處于分割狀態(tài)，供需矛盾非常突出，隨時都會拉閘限電；第二階段，90年代中期，隨著綜合自動化變電站的建立，從35KV變電所到110KV甚至

2、500KV的綜合自動化變電站建立投用，我國的電力事業(yè)發(fā)生明顯變化。近年來，電網(wǎng)日益堅強，科技不斷進步，變電站有著飛速的發(fā)展，變電站實現(xiàn)集控化已成為變電站的一種發(fā)展趨勢。近年來，各國均對變電站的設計及使用技術(shù)進行了深入的研究，并取得了卓越的理論成就，離高效穩(wěn)定節(jié)能的標準逐漸縮小距離。現(xiàn)在是跨世紀的時代，科技的發(fā)展使變電站設備的科技含量也越來越高，新型的、多功能的變電站設備也相繼出現(xiàn)。如沈陽昊誠ZB-F系列箱式變，體積僅為國產(chǎn)常規(guī)箱式變的1/31/5；安全性高，產(chǎn)品無裸露帶電部分，為全封閉、全絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)，完全能達到零觸電事故；防滲漏、防腐蝕。河北電力設備廠生產(chǎn)的10110kV箱式變，設有“四遙”可無

3、人值守。VFI(VacuumFault Interrupter Transformer)美式箱式變也以其獨到的優(yōu)勢擠身于中國市場，如：最大容量可達10000kVA，可用手動或電動操作，并進而與SCADA系統(tǒng)結(jié)合，使技術(shù)逐步升級。此外，近年來, 計算機技術(shù)和電子信息技術(shù)在電力建設中的應用越來越廣泛, 變電站自動化技術(shù)也已經(jīng)達到一定的水平, 隨著智能化開關(guān)、光電式電流電壓互感器、一次運行設備在線狀態(tài)檢測、變電站運行操作培訓仿真等技術(shù)日趨成熟, 以及計算機高速網(wǎng)絡在實時系統(tǒng)中的開發(fā)應用, 勢必對已有的變電站自動化技術(shù)產(chǎn)生深刻的影響, 全數(shù)字化的變電站自動化系統(tǒng)也即將出現(xiàn)。電力工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中最重

4、要的基礎能源產(chǎn)業(yè)，是國民經(jīng)濟的第一基礎產(chǎn)業(yè)，是關(guān)系國計民生的基礎產(chǎn)業(yè)，是世界各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中的優(yōu)先發(fā)展重點。作為一種先進的生產(chǎn)力和基礎產(chǎn)業(yè)，電力行業(yè)對促進國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會進步起到重要作用。與社會經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展有著十分密切的關(guān)系，它不僅是關(guān)系國家經(jīng)濟安全的戰(zhàn)略大問題，而且與人們的日常生活、社會穩(wěn)定密切相關(guān)。隨著我國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，對電的需求量不斷擴大，電力銷售市場的擴大又刺激了整個電力生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展和能源經(jīng)濟利用的需要，變電站的設計在逐步向經(jīng)濟、穩(wěn)定的方向發(fā)展。迄今為止，變電所的更新設計在國內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成一個與人類生活密不可分的行業(yè)。 優(yōu)良更新的設計不僅具有標準化、高效化、

5、組合化等當代先進設計思想,又符合節(jié)約有效利用資源的原則,更適合當代社會發(fā)展的要求。所以是今后電力技術(shù)的一個重要發(fā)展方向。變電站的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀變電站自動化技術(shù)經(jīng)過10 多年的發(fā)展已經(jīng)達到了一定的水平, 在我國城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)改造與建設中不僅中低壓變電站采用了自動化技術(shù), 實現(xiàn)無人值班, 而且在220kV 及以上的超高壓變電站建設中也大量采用綜合自動化新技術(shù), 從而提高了電網(wǎng)建設的現(xiàn)代化水平, 增強了輸配電的可能性, 降低了變電站建設的總造價。隨著智能化開關(guān)、光電式電流電壓互感器、一次運行設備在線狀態(tài)檢測、變電站運行操作培訓仿真等技術(shù)日趨成熟以及計算機高速網(wǎng)絡在實時系統(tǒng)中的開發(fā)應用, 勢必對已有的變電站自動化

6、技術(shù)產(chǎn)生深刻的影響, 全數(shù)字化變電站自動化系統(tǒng)即將出現(xiàn)。數(shù)字化變電站自動化系統(tǒng)發(fā)展中的主要問題：數(shù)字化變電站自動化系統(tǒng)的研究目前處于基礎階段, 主要集中在過程層方面, 諸如智能化開關(guān)設備、光電互感器、狀態(tài)檢測等技術(shù)與設備的研究開發(fā)。目前存在的主要問題是: 研究開發(fā)過程中專業(yè)協(xié)作需要加強, 比如智能化電器的研究至少存在機、電、光三個專業(yè)協(xié)同攻關(guān)。材料器件方面的缺陷及改進。試驗設備、測試方法、檢驗標準, 特別是EMC (電磁干擾與兼容) 控制與試驗還是薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。我國電力工業(yè)自動化水平正在逐年提高。20 MW及以上大型機組以采用計算機監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，許多變電所以裝設微機綜合自動化系統(tǒng)，有些已實現(xiàn)無人值班，

7、電力系統(tǒng)已實現(xiàn)調(diào)度自動化。迄今，我國電力工業(yè)已進入了大機組，大電廠，大電力系統(tǒng)，高電壓和高自動化的新階段。我國在城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)改造與建設中不僅中低壓變電站采用了自動化技術(shù)實現(xiàn)無人值班,而且在220kV及以上的超高壓變電站建設中也大量采用自動化新技術(shù),從而大大提高了電網(wǎng)建設的現(xiàn)代化水平,增強了輸配電和電網(wǎng)調(diào)度的可能性,降低了變電站建設的總造價,這已經(jīng)成為不爭的事實,也是目前變電站建設的主要模式. 綜合自動化的系統(tǒng)性要求極強,特別是結(jié)合了全站的操作防誤系統(tǒng),要求變電站建設一期工程越齊越好,而這在高電壓等級的變電站建設中幾乎是不可能的；擴建工程的操作防誤閉鎖邏輯實際驗證困難,特別是牽涉到母線類的；一次設備

8、電動操作全部受控于監(jiān)控系統(tǒng).監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的誤動出口必須絕對禁止,對IO設備的運行可靠性要求很高；這是目前國內(nèi)外在變電所設計中所面臨的問題與挑戰(zhàn)。變電所綜合自動化已成為當前變電所設計應用中的熱門課題和發(fā)展的必然趨勢。在一些工業(yè)發(fā)達國家中，配電自動化系統(tǒng)受到了廣泛的重視，國外的配電自動化系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)形成了集變電所自動化、饋線分段開關(guān)測控、電容器組調(diào)節(jié)控制、用戶負荷控制和遠方抄表等系統(tǒng)于一體的配電網(wǎng)管理系統(tǒng)（DMS），其功能已多達140余種。從國外配電自動化系統(tǒng)采用的通信方式看，尚沒有一種通信技術(shù)可以很好地滿足于配電系統(tǒng)自動化所有層次的需要。在一個配電自動化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，往往由多種通信技術(shù)組合成綜合的通信系統(tǒng)，各

9、個層次按實際需要采用合適的通信方式。研究內(nèi)容 變電站設計主要根據(jù)用電的要求電壓等級來選擇合理的變壓器和母線的設置，來實現(xiàn)變換電壓、接受和分配電能、控制電力的流向和調(diào)整電壓的電力設施，通過變壓器將各級電壓的電網(wǎng)聯(lián)系起來。主要解決的問題有：1、變壓器的選擇 2、母線的選擇 3、短路電流的計算 4、繼電保護裝置的選擇 5、隔離開關(guān)、斷路器的選擇 6、避雷裝置的選擇 7、輸電線的選擇 8、電流電壓互感器的選型 9、一次接線圖、二次接線圖的繪制對專變電站設計，可以了解變電所在變換和分配電能中的作用：可靠地保證整個電力系統(tǒng)的安全運行與經(jīng)濟效率，通過變電站的合理設計和配置充分發(fā)揮電網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)固性、可靠性和持續(xù)性

10、。隨著社會的發(fā)展，科技的不斷提高，眾多技術(shù)逐漸滲透到各個行業(yè)，如何利用這些高科技為人類服務，如何充分利用這些高科技在電氣行業(yè)中，使之更好的為我們服務，這還需要電氣行業(yè)人員不斷的努力，開拓創(chuàng)新。參考文獻：1熊信銀.發(fā)電廠電氣部分.水利電力出版社，1992年2何仰贊等.電力系統(tǒng)分析.華中理工大學電力出版社，1991年3賀家李等.電力系統(tǒng)及電保護原理.水利電力出版社，1992年4吳廣寧.高電壓技術(shù).浙江大學出版社，1994年5雍靜.供配電技術(shù).機械出版社，1994年6張冠生.電器理論基礎.機械工業(yè)出版社，1991年7楊有啟.電氣安全規(guī)程.北京出版社，1991年8劉從愛.電力工程.機械工業(yè)出版社，19

11、92年9王崇林、鄒有明主編.供電技術(shù).煤炭工業(yè)出版社，1996年10李軍年.電力系統(tǒng)繼電保護.水利電力出版社，1991年11國家標準GB50059-1992.35-110kV變電所設計規(guī)范.中國標準出版社，1992年12趙成軍,解玉龍.電力系統(tǒng)繼電保護方向性分析J.科技資訊.2011(23)13薄艷云,王鵬,薄艷平.35KV變電站綜自改造中常見問題改造對策及綜自系統(tǒng)運行維護中常見問題J.中國新通信.2013(05)14張寶歸.35KV變電站的接地系統(tǒng)設計與施工問題研究J.低碳世界.2013(12)15張華,郝建奇.35kV變電站防雷與接地分析J.中國電業(yè)(技術(shù)版).2013(04)外文文獻Ge

12、neral Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprisesThey serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a vol

13、tage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-22

14、0kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrance

15、s at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power

16、 to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases los

17、ses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semicon

18、ductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-1

19、0kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is giv

20、en to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed

21、 for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections

22、 .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .t

23、ransformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maxim

24、um simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.

25、When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constru

26、ctions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.4.Use of simple

27、 and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using

28、 the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choos

29、e and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that fl

30、owed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1

31、909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound

32、it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that e

33、lectricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first

34、 question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four

35、different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the a

36、tom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wanders away. Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye,

37、 there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other

38、.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. Volta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday an

39、d Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.Magnets Almost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron obj

40、ects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years. Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron

41、tip.Later, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets. In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make

42、electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid

43、 with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magne

44、tic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electric

45、ity).So we can see that there is arelationship between moving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons. Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thel

46、ined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.變電站建設的一般要求變電站(所)在電源系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)企業(yè)是一個至關(guān)重要的因素。他們接收,轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)送電能。根據(jù)能源和需求,變電站分為中央配電變電站電壓為110-500kV；主要降壓變電所電壓為1

47、10-220/6-10-35kV； 深入口變電站為110-330/6-10kV；二次變電站的電壓為6-10Kv；車間變電所電壓為6-10/0.38-0.66kV。在主要的降壓變電所,電源能量轉(zhuǎn)化電壓為110-220kV，通常使用6-10Kv(有時為35kV變電所)的電壓分配給企業(yè)和被用來滿足高壓服務。中央配電變電站從電力系統(tǒng)接收能量并分發(fā)它(不包括或者包括部分變換) 給企業(yè)不同區(qū)域，通過空中電纜和地下電纜線路電壓為110-220kV。 中央分配變電站站不同于主配電變電它是一個更強大的電力設施,它的電壓大部分在110-220kV的電壓。它可以簡化初級電壓、中級電壓或地區(qū)的開關(guān)電路。中低級別變電站

48、改造能量來自6-10kv的電壓,它的二次側(cè)電壓為380/220或660/380。升壓變壓器變電站用于將電廠產(chǎn)生的能量轉(zhuǎn)化使發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生的電壓升高,從而有效地減少在遠距離輸電能量的損失轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的目的是為了將直流轉(zhuǎn)換成交流(有時相反)和轉(zhuǎn)換成能量時改變頻率。轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的能量轉(zhuǎn)換是用半導體整流器來變頻的。帶半導體整流器的轉(zhuǎn)化器變電站是最經(jīng)濟的。6-10kV的配電變電站主要依據(jù)主配電變電站(有時依據(jù)中央配電變電站)。110-220kV變電站系統(tǒng)區(qū)域的劃分時，根據(jù)變電站設備功能劃分時是有學問的，6-10kV的變電站設備劃分在變電站的入口。根據(jù)變電站變的位置，電站設備在可以露天或室內(nèi)。6-10kV變電

49、站的在電纜的類型主要是供給輸出線。在35-220kV變電站空中線路樣式,在變電站架線和接線,主要注重供電生產(chǎn)的可靠和經(jīng)濟。用工業(yè)的方式建設變電站，是使用大量的數(shù)塊和在電氣工程組織和工廠電氣工程等行業(yè)的車間的位置進行組裝。變電站通常是專為不連續(xù)操作的責任人員所設計,但用的是基本的自動設備和信號裝置。當建立變電站結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分,應當采用薄型建造結(jié)構(gòu)以及由彎段組成的組件(板材、地板等)。這些元件是預先安裝區(qū)外面建造區(qū)域并且只是在這個位置組裝。這樣可以有效的削減變電所建造成本。變電站基本電路概念設計的選擇,是根據(jù)企業(yè)的供電系統(tǒng)特點得到的。變電站電壓特性主要入口，變壓器和輸出電纜線路導線或當前導體的二次電

50、壓.變電站安裝的設備和元件，設備和元件的若干種可能的組合是非常好的。當闡述了變電站的電路時爭取切換裝置最大的簡化和數(shù)目的最小化。這樣的變電站更可靠、經(jīng)濟。電路簡化是采用自動接入或自動轉(zhuǎn)入儲備的方法,允許快速和無錯誤的自動接入每一個元件和使用設備。當設計工業(yè)企業(yè)全電壓變電站時,下面的基本因素都要考慮在內(nèi)。1.優(yōu)先使用采用兩編組的單總線系統(tǒng)可以確?？煽康暮徒?jīng)濟的供應電力。2.配套建設和變電站廣泛使用。3.變電站使用自動化并且支持遙測技術(shù);如果變電站的設計并不支持使用自動化或遙測、線路安而且不允許添加設備，確保以后沒有過度投資和返工。4.使用簡單、便宜的裝置，有絕緣裝置的斷路器、短路開關(guān)、過載保護隔離器、保險絲,預期到他們的交換容量可考慮大幅度削減昂貴的器件需要和臨界油、真空、螺線管和空氣開關(guān)電路使用。變