1、學(xué)大教育 12152016 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（初三）什么是助動(dòng)詞 協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~（Main Verb）。助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用。 助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類：基本助動(dòng)詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(modal auxiliary)?；局鷦?dòng)詞有三個(gè)：do, have和be；情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有十三個(gè)：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述兩類

2、助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是，在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí)，具有作用詞的功能： 助動(dòng)詞be的用法 1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：They are having a meeting.他們正在開(kāi)會(huì)。English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。2)be + 過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：The window was broken by Tom.窗戶是湯姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。3） be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排，例

3、如： He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去紐約。 We are to teach the fresh persons.我們要教新生。說(shuō)明： 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。 助動(dòng)詞have的用法 1）have +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如：He has left for London.他已去了倫敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，例如：I have been studying English f

4、or ten years.3）have+been +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：English has been taught in China for many years. 助動(dòng)詞do 的用法 1） 構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，例如：Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過(guò)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎？Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過(guò)德語(yǔ)嗎？2） do + not 構(gòu)成否定句，例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批評(píng)。He doesnt like to study.他不想學(xué)習(xí)。In the past, many stude

5、nts did not know the importance of English.3)構(gòu)成否定祈使句，例如：Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要這么心不在焉。說(shuō)明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4） 放在動(dòng)詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣，例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。I did go there.我確實(shí)去那兒了。I do miss you.我確實(shí)想你。5） 用于倒裝句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的事情

6、。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在開(kāi)始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。說(shuō)明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6） 用作代動(dòng)詞，例如：- Do you like Beijing?-你喜歡北京嗎？- Yes, I do.-是的，喜歡。（do用作代動(dòng)詞，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的意義和用法情態(tài)

7、助動(dòng)詞從最普通的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，是修飾分句意義的一種方式，它可以反映說(shuō)話者對(duì)其表述是否真實(shí)和可能的程度作出判斷。但不同的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞本身所包含的意義和用法又不同，下面逐個(gè)分析。 can和could的用法l 表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。如：Can you finish this work tonight?Man cannot live without air.注意：could也可表示請(qǐng)求，預(yù)期委婉，主要用于疑問(wèn)句，不可用于肯定句，答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can（即could不能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中）。如： Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can

8、. （否定答語(yǔ)可用No, Im afraid not.） can表示能力時(shí)，還可用be able to代替。如： Ill not be able to come this afternoon.l 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。（主要用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句或驚嘆句中）Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him.l “can(could) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”的疑問(wèn)或否定形式表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如：He cannot have been to that town. may和mig

9、ht的用法l 表示許可。表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may的語(yǔ)氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(shí)要用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：You may drive the car. Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt.l 用May I . 征詢對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣。在日?？谡Z(yǔ)中，用Can I . 征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)在現(xiàn)代口語(yǔ)中更為常見(jiàn)。l 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!l 表示推測(cè)、可能（疑問(wèn)句不能用于此意）。如：He may be very busy now.l “may(might) + have

10、 + 過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。如：He may not have finished the work. must和have to的用法l 表示必須、必要。如：You must come in time.回答must引出的問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。Must we hand in our exercise books today?Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.)l “must be + 表語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用can代替must。This must be yo

11、ur pen.l “must + have + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用can代替must。He must have been to Shanghai.l have to的含義與must相似，兩者往往可以互換使用，但have to有各種形式，隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點(diǎn)不同：i. must表示的是說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。如：The play is not interesting. I really must go now.I had to work when I was your a

12、ge.ii. must一般只表現(xiàn)在，have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。iii. 二者的否定意義不大相同。如：You mustnt go. 你可不要去。You dont have to go. 你不必去。iv. 詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must。如：Must I clean all the room? dare和need的用法l need表示“需要”或“必須”，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：You neednt come so early.Need I finish the work today?Yes, yo

13、u must.l 注意：neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。如：You neednt have waited for me.l Dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件從句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：How dare you say Im unfair？He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?l Dare和need常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，所不同的是，作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接帶to的不定式，在否定和疑問(wèn)句中，dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。

14、如：I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.I wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening. shall和should的用法l Shall用于第一人稱，表示征求對(duì)方的意愿。如：What shall we do this evening?l Shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。如：Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to lea

15、ve the hospital?l Shall用于第二、第三人稱，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如：You shall fail if you dont work harder. （警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允諾）He shall be punished. （威脅）l Should表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：You should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Shoul

16、d的含義較多，用法較活，請(qǐng)看下面的句子： I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞錯(cuò)了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是勸你別這樣做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 這是我本來(lái)想問(wèn)你的。從以上例句可以看出：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should用于第一人稱時(shí)可以表示說(shuō)話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語(yǔ)氣。Should還可以用在if引導(dǎo)的

17、條件從句，表示一件事聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能性很小，但也不是完全沒(méi)有可能。相當(dāng)于“萬(wàn)一”的意思。從句謂語(yǔ)由should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，主句謂語(yǔ)卻不一定用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如： Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你萬(wàn)一見(jiàn)到她，請(qǐng)讓她給我打個(gè)電話。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 萬(wàn)一你改變主意，請(qǐng)通知我們。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 萬(wàn)一我明天有時(shí)間，我就來(lái)。此外，Why(or How) + should結(jié)構(gòu)表示

18、說(shuō)話人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到意外、驚異等意思。意為“竟會(huì)”。如： Why should you be so late today? 你幾天怎么來(lái)得這么晚？ Where is Betty living? 貝蒂住在哪里？ How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道呢？ I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這件事是我干的。l “should + have + 過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示義務(wù)，表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到，并包含一種埋怨、責(zé)備的口氣。如：She should have finished it. will

19、和would的用法l 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等，would比will委婉客氣。如：Would you pass me the book?l 表示意志、愿望和決心。如：I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.l 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，主要用于第二、三人稱。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè)，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。如：This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The g

20、uests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.l Would可表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某中傾向。Would表過(guò)去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式，并沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。如：The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week.l 表料想或猜想。如：It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing the

21、re?I thought he would have told you all about it. ought to的用法l Ought to表示應(yīng)該。如：You ought to take care of him.l 表示推測(cè)。注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別：He must be at home by now. （斷定他已到家）He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）This is where the oil must be. （比較直率）This is where the oil ought to be. （比較含蓄）l “ought to + have +

22、過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。如：You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).這時(shí)，ought to和should可以互相換用。 used to，had better，would rather的用法l Used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在已不存在，在間接引語(yǔ)中，其形式可不變。如：He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑問(wèn)句、否定句、否定疑問(wèn)句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，可有兩種形式：疑問(wèn)句Did you use to go to the same school as your b

23、rother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usednt to go there.I didnt use to go there.used nt 亦可拼作usednt，但發(fā)音皆為ju:znt。否定疑問(wèn)句Usednt you to be interested in the theatre?Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre?強(qiáng)調(diào)句I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.I certainly d

24、id use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.其反意疑問(wèn)句或簡(jiǎn)略回答中，也有兩種形式：She used to be very fat, didnt she? （正式）/ use(d)nt she? （口語(yǔ)）Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.) Had better意為“最好”，后接不帶to的不定式。如：We had better go now.Yes, we had (wed

25、 better / we had better).Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think Id better be going. （用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表“最好立即”）You had better have done that. （用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，表未完成動(dòng)作。注：had best與had better同意，但較少用。You had better 用于同輩或小輩，對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩不可用。 Would rather意為“寧愿”，表選擇，后接不帶to的不定式。如：Would you rather work on a farm?Wo

26、uldnt you rather stay here?No, I would not. Id rather go there. 由于would rather表選擇，因而后可接than。如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.Id rather you didnt talk about t

27、his to anyone. （句中的d rather不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，would在此是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞） need和dare的用法need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。1.用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞-Need I come? -Yes, you must. -我需要來(lái)嗎？ -需要。You neednt telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。I dont think you need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出

28、去。How dare you say Im unfair? 你竟敢說(shuō)我不公平？2. 用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞You dont need to do it yourself. 你不必親自做這件事。We need to tell them the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。We should dare to give our own opinion. 我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬頭看。I dare day hell come ag

29、ain. 我想他會(huì)再來(lái)的。（I dare say為固定習(xí)語(yǔ)） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式和進(jìn)行式的用法1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式，表“應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)”，“想必已經(jīng)”，“本來(lái)可以”等意。I should have finished the work earlier. 我應(yīng)當(dāng)早一點(diǎn)完成這項(xiàng)工作的。He isnt here. He must have missed the train. 他還未到，一定是沒(méi)趕上火車。Where can (could) he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢？You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在報(bào)上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。You could (

30、might) have been more careful. 你本來(lái)可以更細(xì)心的。He neednt have worried about it. 他本不必為此事?lián)摹here was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you? 昨天的聚會(huì)非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該來(lái)，為何不來(lái)呢？2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟進(jìn)行式，表示“想必正在”，“可能正在”，“應(yīng)當(dāng)正在”等意。Its twelve oclock. They must be having lunch. 現(xiàn)在是十二點(diǎn)。他們一定正在吃飯。They m

31、ay be discussing this problem. 他們可能正在論討這個(gè)問(wèn)題。He cant be telling the truth. 他說(shuō)的不可能是真話。She shouldnt be working like that. Shes still so weak. 她不應(yīng)當(dāng)那樣干，她身體仍那么虛。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法小結(jié)（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式 1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也許，或許）。（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也許知道這個(gè)

32、問(wèn)題的答案。 （2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。 2.否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 （1）It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 這不可能是校長(zhǎng)，他去美國(guó)了。 （2） He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。 3.疑問(wèn)句中用can/could (能?)。 （

33、1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎？ （2）Can he be at home now? 他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎？ 注：以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could并非may, can的過(guò)去式，而表示語(yǔ)氣較為委婉或可能性較小。 （二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài) 1.對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 （1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。 （2）She must/may/might/could walk mil

34、es and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。 2.對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be”，“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be doing”或“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 （1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也許正在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。 （2）He cant ( couldnt ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能/可能不在家。 （2） Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 3.對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have +過(guò)去分詞”。 （1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地濕了，昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。 （2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might )