1、English Pronunciation,English Phonemes Syllables, Stress and Rhythm Reading skills Intonation Difference between “British English” and “American English”,Game of Tones,Read the following letters in rising tone and falling tone. ABCDEFGHIJKLMN OPQRSTUVWXYZ,English Phonemes,Vowels Consonants,Backgroun

2、d,Cardinal Vowels Front Central Back Close i： u: Close-mid e : Open-mid open a ,:,VOWEL Letters,Aa /e/ / Ee / i:/ /e/ Ii /a/ Yy /a/ / / i:/ Oo / / Uu /ju:/ / /,Vowels,Front Vowels,Open your mouth a little to make the sound, spread your lips wide, like you are smiling, this is a long vowel.,we,bee,se

3、a,field,receive,police,people,Front Vowels,First make the sound /i:/, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are more relaxed, this is a short vowel.,visit,exam,minute,Monday,Front Vowels,First make the sound / /, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are rel

4、axed, this is a short vowel.,end,red,many,head,friend,Front Vowels,First make the sound / e/, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are relaxed, this is a short vowel.,am,cat,Central Vowels,First make the sound / e/, then open your tongue backwards and lower a little, your tongu

5、e is at around the middle of the mouth. Your lips are tight.,term,girl,word,fur,learn,journal,Central Vowels,First make the sound / e/, then open your tongue backwards and lower a little, your tongue is at around the middle of the mouth. Your lips are relaxed.,better,doctor,ago,famous,color,figure,t

6、oday,open,Central Vowels,First make the sound / e/, then open your mouth a little more, put your tongue backwards and lower a little, but a little more forward and up than the sound/.your tongue is at around the lower middle of the mouth. Your lips are relaxed.,son,but,couple,blood,does,Back Vowels,

7、First make the sound / /, then open your mouth a little more, put your tongue backward and lower. Your lips are round in shape. This is a long vowel.,car,class,half,heart,aunt,First make the sound / a: /, then close your mouth a little more. Your lips are slightly round in shape. This is a short vow

8、el.,Back Vowels,dog,want,cough,knowledge,because,Back Vowels,First make the sound / /, then make your mouth more closed and more rounded, put the back of the tongue up a little to make the sound. This is a long vowel.,war,talk,all,horse,board,before,four,door,law,fault,bought,Back vowels,First make

9、the sound / /, then raise the back of your tongue and put forward a little to make the sound. Your lips are slightly round in shape. This is a short vowel.,foot,could,bush,woman,Back vowels,First make the sound / u /, then raise the back of your tongue and pull backward a little to make the sound. Y

10、our lips are strongly round in shape. This is a short vowel.,do,goose,soup,rude,chew,shoe,two,fruit,Listen and check your/,Diphthongs,First make the sound / e/, then make the sound /,there is a glide from/ e/to/.,gate,rain,day,stein,they,great,sleigh,First make the sound / a/, then make the sound /,

11、there is a glide from/a/to/.,time,die,cry,eye,high,height,buy,First make the sound / /, then make the sound /,there is a glide from/to/.,boil,boy,First make the sound / a/, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/a/to/ /.,blouse,cow,First make the sound / /, then make the sound / /,there is a

12、glide from/to/ /.,boat,toe,so,low,soul,though,/ tour,-We made a tour of the yacht. - He took her on a tour of Europe. - I think you are not quite sure about it.,/ /,First make the sound / /, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/to/ /.,poor,tour,sure,during,they,cruel,usual,First make the so

13、und / /, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/to/ /, with the tongue moving up from front to the middle position in your mouth.,hero,here,dear,cheer,media,familiar,idea,period,Vietnam,fierce,medium,First make the sound / e /, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/e/to/ /, with the t

14、ongue moving from low front to the middle position in your mouth.,bear,care,air,their,there,Consonants,Consonant Letters,Bb/b/ Dd/d/ Cc /k/ /s/ / Ff/f/ Gg/g/ Dd/d/ /d/ Hh/h/ Kk/k/ Gg /g/ /d/ / Ll/l/ Mm/m/ Jj /d/ Nn/n/ Pp/p/ Qq /k/ Rr/r/ Ss/s/ /z/ / / Tt/t/ / / t/ Vv/v/ Yy/j/ Ww/w/ Zz/z/ X /ks/ /gz/,

15、Bilabial/Plosives,First close your lips hard, and push the air in your mouth forward. Open your lips fast and suddenly release the air to make the sound. Do not use your voice.,Bilabial/Plosives,First close your lips hard, and push the air in your mouth forward. Open your lips fast and suddenly rele

16、ase the air to make the sound. Use your voice.,Alveolar/Plosives,First put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth, and push the air in your mouth forward. Then move away your tongue tip from your teeth ridge fast and release the air to make the sound. Do not use your voice.,teach,Thailand,better

17、,stopped,Alveolar/Plosives,First put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth, and push the air in your mouth forward. Then move away your tongue tip from your teeth ridge fast and release the air to make the sound. Use your voice.,day,middle,Velar/Plosives,First touch the back of the roof of your

18、 mouth with the back of your tongue, and push the air in your mouth forward. Then move away your tongue fast and release the air to make the sound. Do not use the voice.,cock,cake,ask,like,taxi,school,conquer,Velar/Plosives,First touch the back of the roof of your mouth with the back of your tongue,

19、 and push the air in your mouth forward. Then move away your tongue fast and release the air to make the sound. Use the voice.,go,ghost,egg,Labio-dental/Fricative,First put your upper teeth on your lower lip, and force the air out between your teeth and lip with a frication. Do not use the voice,fit

20、,photo,off,enough,Labio-dental/Fricative,First put your upper teeth on your lower lip, and force the air out between your teeth and lip with a frication. Use the voice,Alveolar/Fricatives,First put your tongue tip behind your upper teeth to almost touch the roof of your mouth. Force the air out over

21、 the top of your tongue with a frication. Do not use your voice.,goose,so,cent,niece,taxi,science,pass,box,Alveolar,First put your tongue tip behind your upper teeth to almost touch the roof of your mouth. Force the air out over the top of your tongue with a frication. Use your voice.,his,zoo,prize,

22、those,Glottal/Fricative,First open your mouth, and force a stream of air out of your mouth with a frication. Keep your tongue off the roof of the mouth, and do not use your voice.,hat,who,Dental/Fricative,Put your tongue tip between your upper teeth and lower teeth. Force the air out between your to

23、ngue and upper teeth with a frication. Do not use your voice.,Dental/Fricative,Put your tongue tip between your upper teeth and lower teeth. Force the air out between your tongue and upper teeth with a frication. Use your voice.,Palato-alveolar,Raise the front of your tongue touards the mid-roof of

24、your mouth. Force the air out from the two sides of your tongue with a frication. Your lips are slightly round in shape. Do not use your voice.,sheet,machine,delicious,motion,sure,tension,fascist,Palato-alveolar,Raise the front of your tongue touards the mid-roof of your mouth. Force the air out fro

25、m the two sides of your tongue with a frication. Your lips are slightly round in shape. Use your voice.,casual,allusion,seizure,garage,regime,Alveolar/Lateral,First put your tongue tip on the upper teeth-ridge. Force the air out over both sides of your tongue. Use your voice when making the sound/l/

26、. When its before a vowel, it is a clear /l/- lost,late,vanilla,Alveolar/Lateral,When it is before a consonant or at the end of the word, it is a dark /l/, also as /l/,pull,pool,talk,would,Silent “ l ”,Post-alveolar/Approximant,Raise your tongue tip towards the back of the teeth ridge without touch

27、it. Your lips are slightly round in shape.,read,carry,wrong,rhythm,Bilabial/Approximant,First make the sound /u:/ , then make your lips tightly round and push the air out.,water,quite,what,one,Palatal/Approximant,First make the sound /i:/ , then raise the middle of your tongue to touch the roof of t

28、he mouth, making your lips spread and force the air out. Use your voice to make this sound.,yet,cue,view,Bilabial/Nasal,First close your mouth, and send the air out from your nose. Use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,man,summer,comb,autumn,Alveolar/Nasal,First open you

29、r mouth, and put your tongue tip against your teeth ridge, then send the air out from your nose. Use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,name,funny,sign,know,Velar/Nasal,First open your mouth, and touch the back roof of your mouth with the back of your tongue, then send th

30、e air out from your nose. Use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,sing,sink,Palato-alveolar,Join the sound/t/ and / /. Do not use the voice.,chair,watch,question,nature,Palato-alveolar,Join the sound/d/ and / /. Use the voice.,jam,gem,judge,adjacent,/tr/ tree,- The truck w

31、as heavily loaded. - We plant trees and flowers in spring. - This idea seems good but you need to try it out.,/ tr/,Join the sound/t/ and / r/. Do not use the voice.,try,victory,secretary,/dr/ dress,- She wears a beautiful evening dress. - Dont drink and drive. - I had some very strange dreams last

32、night.,/ dr/,Join the sound/d/ and / r/. Use the voice.,/ts/ boats,/ ts /,-There are three boats on the river. Two cats are running after a mouse. The skirts are very lovely. The ants like eating apples.,First put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth. Force the air out between your tongue and

33、upper teeth with a frication. Do not use your voice.,/dz/ woods,/ dz /,- Their family often picnics in the woods. She finds the stones on the seashore. Sarah and I had a great time while the kids were away.,First put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth. Force the air out between your tongue a

34、nd upper teeth with a frication. Use your voice.,Syllables, Stress and Rhythm,Syllables,A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. A syllable is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (a vowel or syllabic consonant) with optional initial and final margins (typically, cons

35、onants). syllabic consonant: /r/ /m/ /n/ /l/ a consonant forms a syllable on its own or is the nucleus of a syllable. animal middle battle criticism symbolism tourism cousin dozen frozen button cotton mutton maiden sudden wooden Monosyllable One Syllable words I tree great please light word Disyllab

36、le Two Syllable words Ci ty table rely student pupil Polysyllable Multi Syllable words Basketball nationality telephone,Stress,The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical stress. The position of stress in a word is not predictable in English. Stress is usually truly

37、lexical and must be memorized as part of the pronunciation of an individual word. The stress mark is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of a word, the stress mark also marks a syllable break. For example in the word understood /ndstd/ Somet

38、imes more than one level of stress, such as primary stress and secondary stress, may be identified. For example in the word “education” General Rules: Prefixes unstressed Suffixes that cause a shift of stress in the root word: -eous, -graphy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ical, -ious, -ity, -ion Photograph phot

39、ography photographic Numerals: stress on the first syllable Compound: stress on the first element Reflexives: stress on self/selves,Stress,winter summer season people picnic swallow gentle rainbow begin success enjoy decide Attention beside giraffe alarm magazine university lemonade understand conve

40、rsation engineer kangaroo Chinese thirteen afternoon unknown sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen,重讀單詞-變化,一個(gè)單詞重讀音節(jié)的位置變化會導(dǎo)致單詞詞性發(fā)生變化。 the record n. to record v. the present n. to present v. the desert n. to desert v. the produce n. to produce v. perfect adj. to perfect v.,句子中的重讀和弱讀,實(shí)詞(名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞)以及其他

41、信息詞（疑問詞、指示代詞、物主代詞、小品詞、否定縮略詞）一般是重讀，而功能詞（冠詞、代詞、所有格、介詞、助動詞、連詞）一般是弱讀。 Dont be late. Do be quiet Come on, I dont want to be late. Whos in the bathroom? His wifes Italian. The mans in the kitchen.,sentence stress,強(qiáng)度重要的詞語（實(shí)詞或信息詞） 制造話語節(jié)奏,Rhythm,Speakers of stressed-timed languages such as English and Mandar

42、in Chinese put roughly equal time lags between stressed syllables, with the timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being adjusted to accommodate the stress timing. Syllable / slbl/ syllable Basketball / bsktbl/ basketble Telephone / telfn/ telephone Department / dptmnt/ department Televi

43、sion / telvn/ television Necessary /nessri/ necessary Remarkable / rmkbl/ remarkable Education / eduken/ education Nationality / nnlti/ nationality Physiology / fzildi/ physiology Communication / kmjunken/ communication Examination / zmnen/ examination Creativity / krietvti/ creativity,Rhythmic Patt

44、erns,在重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)之間有長短不同的停頓，非重讀音節(jié)越多，就讀的越快。,stress-timed nature,. . . cats eat fish the cat is eating the fish the cats there have eaten the fish the cats there must have eaten the fish the cats there could have been eating the fish,Rhythmic Patterns,Rhythmic Patterns,Rhythmic Patterns,Rhythmic Patter

45、ns,Rhythmic Patterns,Rhythmic Patterns,Consonant clusters,Word-Initial Clusters bl blow blade black blame blank block cl class clever close clue cling clarity fl flag flake flame flank flap flash gl glad glass glow glide glaze glance pl play plan please plant plenty plug sl slave slang slow slot sli

46、p sleep,br bread break bring bright brown brother cr crack cradle cream create cry cross dr dread dry drill dream dress drive fr from fry frog front friend frost gr great green grow ground grief grin pr praise pray preach practice prepare present tr tree tray try train treat trouble,Word-Initial Clu

47、sters,sc scan scale scare scatter school schedule sk skirt sky skate skip skill skin sl sleep slight slice sly slipper slender sm small smart smell smile smoke smooth sn snack snow snag snail snake snap sp space spade spare speak spoke spoon st star stay steal store stop student sw sweep sweat swell

48、 swim switch Swiss spl split splash splendid splendor splurge splice scr scrabble scramble scratch scream screen spr spread spring spray sprite sprinkle sprout str strange straight stress street strong strike squ square squash squeak squeeze squeal squawk,Word-Initial Clusters,thr three thread thriv

49、e throw through thrill thw thwack thwaite thwart,Word-Initial Clusters,Word-Final Clusters,voiceless consonant+ s /s/ books caps cups voiceless consonant+ t /t/ fact left shift voiceless consonant+ ed /t/ asked looked worked -t+s /ts/ boats coats cats voiced consonant+s /z/ pigs eggs films voiced co

50、nsonant+ed /d/ closed turned climbed -d+s /dz/ beds spends grades -f/fe+s = ves /vz/ leaves wives knives consonant+ y+s=ies /iz/ ladies studies stories /aiz/ flies spies tries,other consonant formation,ch watches sh washes ge + es /iz/ bridges x boxes s buses t +ed /id/ wanted d mended,Rhyme,Humpty

51、Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the kings horses, And all the kings men, Couldnt put Humpty together again.,Blow, Wind, Blow,Blow, wind, blow! And go, mill, go! That the miller may grind his corn; That the baker may take it, And into rolls make it, And send us some hot in t

52、he morn.,Im a little teapot,Im a little teapot, short and stout, Here is my handle, here is my spout, When I get all steamed up, hear me shout, Tip me over and pour me out.,Reading skills,爆破音 Plosives,爆破音就是發(fā)音的時(shí)候，口腔中會形成一層阻礙，必須通過阻礙，發(fā)出的聲音。 /b/ be /p/ pea cap /d/ bed duck /t/ bet table /g/ pig girl /k/

53、pick cat,爆破音+輔音,爆破音和輔音相鄰時(shí)，爆破音不發(fā)出爆破聲，只保留發(fā)音動作，稍作停頓，實(shí)際上，只有后一個(gè)輔音發(fā)音。 /b/ job search /p/ keep quiet stop talking friendship first keep silent step forward,爆破音+破擦音,爆破音與/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t / /d/f/v/ / /s/ /z/ / / /r/ /h/相連時(shí)，輕微爆破。 /d/ hard times a thousand thanks a good season good news /t/ post-card just

54、 then first step bright sky,爆破音+音節(jié)輔音,爆破音與/m/ /n/ / /l/ 相連時(shí)，輕微爆破。 /g/ a big zoo a big tree a big jar a big fish /k/ take this take care take three a black jacket,爆破音1+爆破音2+爆破音3,第一個(gè)爆破音為不完全爆破，形成并保持較長時(shí)間，第二個(gè)不發(fā)音，第三個(gè)正常爆破。 Slept badly lagged behind collect pennies Robbed cars picked berries adapt to the gro

55、wth,爆破音的送氣,當(dāng)爆破音/p/,/t/,/k/在重讀音節(jié)中緊跟在/s/的后面時(shí)，爆破音就不送氣。也就是由/b/替代/p/, /d/替代/t/，/g/替代/k/。 Speak spare sport spy spring /sb/ School scar score scare skirt /sg/ Star stay steal stupid stock /sd/,弱化weakening,非重讀單詞弱化： 1.元音弱化為/I/或者/ be, me, he, she, the, we his/ z/ he / / him / m/ a, an, some, the, them, us, a

56、m, are, can, do, does, had, has, have, must, shall, was, were, will, at, for, from, of, to, and, as, but, so, than, that, could, would had/ d/ has / z/ have / v/ must /ms/ will / l/ and/ n/ 2.有時(shí)候單詞的元音消失 am/m/ can/kn/ do/d/ had/d/ has/z,s/ have/v/ /z,s/ some/sm/ shall/ l/ them/ m/ was/wz/ for/fr/ fro

57、m/frm/ of/v,f/ and/nd,n/ than /n/,Strong Forms& Weak Forms,Strong Forms& Weak Forms,Strong Forms& Weak Forms,Strong Forms& Weak Forms,Strong Forms& Weak Forms,common contractions,common contractions,連讀Linking,前一個(gè)單詞以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)單詞以元音開頭，兩個(gè)詞就發(fā)生連讀： Come in Work out Good idea Think of it Read it again Speak English First of all All of us,r/re結(jié)尾的單詞+元音開頭的單詞 /r/添音 There is There are Our own More over Far away Remember it Later on,連讀