1、Unit 2 Racial Discrimination,Contents,1. Uncle Toms cabin,1. Uncle Toms cabin,When did Mrs. Stowe wirte the book In 1850, Congress passed theFugitive Slave Law. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote tothe editor of National Era Why did Mrs. Stowe wirte the book “ I feel now that the time is come when even a

2、 woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak. I hope every woman who can write will not be silent.”,1. Uncle Toms cabin,What is the plot of the book One cause Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debt，so he had to sell out Uncel Tom and Harris to

3、Heily. Two main threads a. Eliza took her son together to escape to Canada, and finally immigrated to Libelia b.Tom was sold, first to Claire, then to Legree, and was beaten to death at last.,a. Elizas thrilling escape,Meets up with her husband George Harris Loker and his men trap Eliza and her fami

4、ly, causing George to push Loker down a cliff Obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada Immigated to France and eventuallyLiberia,b. Uncle Toms long sufering life,Was sold to St. Claires and live with them for two years Had been auctioned to Legree Refused to tell Legree about Cassys escape

5、Legree killed Uncle Tom,c. Black slaves miserable lives,2. Related legislation,During Americans Infancy,After Civil War,Constitutional Convention,制憲會議,THE US Constitution,第一條第二款 眾議院人數(shù)和直接稅稅額均應(yīng)按本聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口比例分配于各州，各州人口數(shù)目指自由人總數(shù)加上所有其他人口的3/5。 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the

6、several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.,THE US Consti

7、tution,第一條第九款 現(xiàn)有任何一州認為應(yīng)予接納的人員移居或入境時，國會在1808年以前不得加以禁止；但對入境者可征收每人不超過10美元的稅金或關(guān)稅。根據(jù)人身保護令享有的特權(quán)，除非在發(fā)生叛亂或遭遇入侵，公共治安需要停止此項特權(quán)時，不得中止。 The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit， shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousan

8、d eight hundred and eight， but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation， not exceeding ten dollars for each person.,THE US Constitution,第四條第二款 凡根據(jù)一州之法律應(yīng)在該州服兵役或服勞役者，逃往另一州時，不得根據(jù)逃往州的任何法律或規(guī)章解除該兵役或勞役，而應(yīng)依照有權(quán)得到勞役或勞動的當事人的要求，將其交出。 No person held to service or labor in one state， under the laws thereo

9、f， escaping into another， shall， in consequence of any law or regulation therein， be discharged from such service or labor but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.,Fugitive Slave Act 1850逃亡奴隸法,奴隸主可以跨州追捕奴隸，并在州或聯(lián)邦法院確定其所有權(quán)之前就把逃奴帶回去。 Slave owners can go a

10、cross states to capture slaves, and before the state or federal court determine its ownership they can bring back fugitive slave.,Early Legislative Features,美國早期有關(guān)立法特征： 法律形式上保障了奴隸制度的合法。奴隸制受到憲法承認，奴隸并不是法律意義上的美國公民，他們只是一種商品。 憲法具有欺騙性，通篇法律我們都看不到“奴隸”2個字，但是無論是里面的“其他人口”還是“服勞役者”，無不指向奴隸。一方面，體現(xiàn)了美國制憲先賢集體的道德困擾，另一

11、方面體現(xiàn)了他們的膽怯和妥協(xié)。 憲法中涉及奴隸制的一系列妥協(xié)條款在很多問題上含糊不清、語焉不詳?shù)奶攸c，一方面給了州立法很多處理空間，另一方面使后人陷入了難以解脫的憲法危機，為南北戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)埋下了伏筆,Amendments to the US Constitution,憲法修正案第13、14、15條 第13條第1款 在合眾國境內(nèi)或?qū)俸媳妵茌牭娜魏蔚胤?，不準有奴隸制或強制勞役存在，惟用于業(yè)經(jīng)定罪的罪犯作為懲罰者不在此限。 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the p

12、arty shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.,Amendments to the US Constitution,第14條第1款 在合眾國出生或歸化于合眾國并受合眾國管轄的人，均為合眾國和他所居住的州的公民。無論何州均不得制定或?qū)嵤┤魏蝿儕Z合眾國公民的特權(quán)或豁免的法律；無論何州未經(jīng)正當法律程序均不得剝奪任何人的生命、自由或財產(chǎn)；亦不得拒絕給予在其管轄下的任何人以同等的法律保護。 All persons b

13、orn or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State depr

14、ive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,Amendments to the US Constitution,第15條第1款 合眾國或任何一州不得因種族、膚色或以前的奴隸身份而否認或剝奪合眾國公民的選舉權(quán)。 The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be

15、 denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.,Legislative Features,南北戰(zhàn)爭后初期有關(guān)立法特征： 法律用肯定明確的形式廢除了奴隸制度，黑人正式在法律意義上成為了一個真正的美國公民受到法律保護 法律上賦予了黑人和白人一樣的平等保護權(quán)和選舉權(quán)，黑人的政治權(quán)利獲得法律保障 形式上的平等掩蓋了實質(zhì)上的不平等，種族歧視依然盛行,Legislative Features,In reality:,

16、From Civil War to World War ,During this period, the African Americans had got rid of the status of slave, but they still suffered a lot from racial segregation as second-class citizenry. Part 1.This section contains Reconstruction Amendments Part 2.the case of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.,From Civil

17、 War to World War ,Background information Republicans in favor of limiting the expansion of slavery elected Abraham Lincoln to participate in the presidential elections of 1860, while the southern slave states declared: Once Lincoln was elected, they would secede. 主張限制奴隸制擴張的共和黨人推舉亞伯拉罕林肯參加 1860 年的總統(tǒng)選

18、舉，而南部蓄奴州聲稱：一旦林肯當選，他們就退出聯(lián)邦。,From Civil War to World War ,Lincoln became U.S. president. In April 14th, the Federal Army captured Fort Sumter, the Civil War broke out. After four years of civil war, in April 1865 with the victory of the north, both armies were killed over six hundred thousand. In the

19、reconstruction period, in order to protect the outcome of the Civil War, the Republican have successfully passed constitutional thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments and it was called reconstruction amendment. 林肯就任美國總統(tǒng)。4 月 14 日，南軍攻占聯(lián)邦的薩姆特炮臺，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)歷經(jīng)四年，于 1865 年 4 月以北方的勝利而告終，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中南北雙方軍隊共死亡六十多

20、萬。在重建時期內(nèi)，為了保障內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的成果，共和黨攜內(nèi)戰(zhàn)勝利的余威，一連通過了憲法第十三、十四、十五修正案，統(tǒng)稱重建修正案。,From Civil War to World War ,第十三修正案 1865 年 1 月 31 日，國會通過了憲法第十三條修正案 “第一款：在合眾國境內(nèi)或受合眾國管轄的任何地方，奴隸制和強迫勞役都不得存在，唯作為對依法判罪者犯罪之懲罰，不在此限。 “第二款：國會有權(quán)以適當立法實施本條?！?第十四修正案 第十四修正案是國會為保障黑人民權(quán)而制定的，但只有州侵犯了黑人時，聯(lián)邦才能對黑人進行救濟；而私人對黑人的侵犯，聯(lián)邦不能進行救濟。這一觀點即是通常所說的“州政府行為論”。最高法

21、院的此種解釋使得第十四修正案在保護黑人民權(quán)方面十分乏力。 第十五修正案 為保障黑人的選舉權(quán)從而保障自己的黑人選票，共和黨控制的國會于 1869年 2 月通過了憲法第十五條修正案。,From Civil War to World War ,Plessy v. Ferguson In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate

22、railroads was constitutional. This decision provided the legal foundation to justify many other actions by state and local governments to socially separate blacks and whites. Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.,From Civil War to World War ,Brown v. Board of Educ

23、ation In 1950,Olive Brown tried to enroll his 8-year-old daughter Linda at the neighborhood white elementary school, rather than at the black school over a mile away. When the school refused to enroll Linda ,Brown and other African-American parents sued the Topeka school district with the help of NA

24、ACP（全國有色人種協(xié)進會 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People）. In 1952 and 1953,Thurgood Marshall argued before the Supreme Court that segregated public schools violated the 14th Amendants equal protection clause. The unanimous decision of the court would mark the beginning of the end of

25、 legal segregation.,From Civil War to World War ,The Montgomery Bus Boycott This, a seminal event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.,黑人領(lǐng)袖們也敏銳地意識到危機已到，他們于 12 月 5 日

26、成立了蒙哥馬利市政改進協(xié)會，并選舉本市牧師馬丁路德金（Martin Luther King）擔任主席，發(fā)起抵制實行種族隔離的公車抵制運動。,From Civil War to World War ,The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rightslegislation enacted by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction following the American Civil War. 繼 187

27、5 年民權(quán)法被聯(lián)邦最高法院宣布違憲 82 年后，通過的第一個公民權(quán)利法案，結(jié)束了聯(lián)邦政府自重建以來在民權(quán)立法方面的立法空白。其實質(zhì)主要是一個投票權(quán)法案，主要目標是確保所有黑人能夠行使他們的投票權(quán)。 Civil Rights Act of 1960 was a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someones attempt to reg

28、ister to vote. 1957 年民權(quán)法的繼續(xù)，是對 1957 年法案中關(guān)于投票權(quán)條款的修正和補充。該法在 1957 年民權(quán)法的基礎(chǔ)上擴大了民權(quán)委員會在民權(quán)問題上的權(quán)力，以保障投票權(quán)在內(nèi)的黑人權(quán)利。,From Civil War to World War ,Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States1 that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, nati

29、onal and religious minorities, and women. 作為美國民權(quán)立法中最為重要的法律之一，是一部內(nèi)容廣泛的旨在全面禁止種族歧視的法律。該法案規(guī)定禁止在旅館、飯店、戲院、體育場所等一切公共領(lǐng)域內(nèi)實行種族、膚色、性別、宗教等歧視，禁止以行政手段或文化測驗的方式阻擾黑人行使投票權(quán)。,3. Case study,Scott v. Sandford（1857 , Missouri）,3. Case study,案情回顧 Scott has accompanied his host to the free state of Illinois and Wisconsin, a

30、nd lived for four years, and then back to the slave state of Missouri. Later, master died, he brought a lawsuit to get freedom.Scott came to Missouri Supreme Court , after being rejected ,he appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.After twice the court debate, a seven-to-two decision keep

31、 the conviction ultimately , and overthrew the Missouri Compromise.,3.Case study,案件審判 聯(lián)邦最高法院審判 The chief justice Roger tenny written opinion, 55 pages long, mainly discusses the following three points: 1, even free blacks is not referring to citizens in the U.S. constitution, Scott had no right to f

32、ile suit in federal court 2, Scott cant get free for his coming to the so-called free territory of Wisconsin , because the Missouri Compromise did not apply to Wisconsin territory , and the Missouri Compromise exceeded congresss constitutional rights 3, Scott cant get free for his coming to the so-called free territory of Wisconsin, because once he returned to the sta