1、1、The playfulness of the modern aesthetic is , finally, its most striking-and also its most serious and, by corollary, its most disturbing-feature. aesthetic n .(philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful美學 Striking n. having a quality that thrusts itself into attention顯著的=impressing

2、 corollary n. a practical consequence that follows naturally結(jié)果;推論= conclusion disturbing adj. causing distress or worry or anxiety煩擾的；令人不安的,The playfulness of the modern aesthetic is the most striking and serious feature and, as a natural conclusion, it is also its most upsetting feature.現(xiàn)代美學的玩耍性說到底

3、是其最突出的，也是最嚴肅的，而必然地也是最令人不安的特征。,注意此句中破折號的用法。這一句使用了跳脫修辭手法：為了對兩個破折號中的內(nèi)容給予強調(diào)，并引起讀者的注意，故意將一句話中斷。 跳脫就是在某種特殊情境（如思想的急速變化，事件的突然出現(xiàn)等）的影響下，將說話人的話半途打斷，使語言變得不完整、不連貫，卻又比說完整、連貫的話更切合情境的一種修辭格。跳脫修辭格的基本要素是：在某種特殊的情況下，所說的話不完整、不連貫。,2、The playfulness imitates the playfulness of science that produces game theory and virtual

4、particles and black holes and that, by introducing human growth genes into cows, forces students of ethics to reexamine the definition of cannibalism. game theory n .(economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players virtual particle particles that serve a

5、ll practical purposes though they do not exist in reality.【物理學】虛擬粒子 black hole n. a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star; extremely high gravitational field. Even light cant escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous pull of gravitation. Therefore it can never be obser

6、ved directly. ethics n . the philosophical study of moral values and rules reexamine v. look at again; examine again再審查 cannibalism n. the practice of eating the flesh of your own kind食人,Science, in its playfulness, introduces human growth genes into cows and this forces students of ethics to redefi

7、ne cannibalism. Does the eating of such cows with their human genes constitute cannibalism? 這種玩耍性是模仿產(chǎn)生了博奕論、虛構(gòu)粒子和黑洞的科學的荒誕性。這種科學的玩耍性還通過把人的生長基因植人牛體，迫使倫理學的研究者重新審定食人肉的習性的定義。,Game theory：Game theory is a field of study that bridges mathematics, statistics, economics, and psychology. The purpose of Game th

8、eory is to study the probability of wining a game given different strategies. 博弈論，是研究相互依賴，相互影響的決策主體的理性決策行為以及這些決策的均衡結(jié)果的理論。一些相互依賴，相互影響的決策行為及其結(jié)果的組合稱為博弈。 組成要素：參與人、行動、信息、策略、得益、結(jié)果、均衡等。,Virtual particles 虛粒子是指在量子力學中，一種永遠不能直接檢測到的，但其存在確實具有可測量效應的粒子。 根據(jù)量子力學的不確定性原理，宇宙中的能量于短暫時間內(nèi)在固定的總數(shù)值左右起伏，起伏越大則時間越短，從這種能量起伏產(chǎn)生的粒子

9、就是虛粒子。當能量恢復時虛粒子湮滅。虛粒子是構(gòu)成虛物質(zhì)的微粒，和實物粒子有非常密切的關(guān)系，分布在實物粒子的周圍，與實物粒子具有類似的性質(zhì)。虛粒子不是為了研究問題方便而人為地引入的概念，而是一種客觀存在。,Black holes：According to the general theory of relativity, a black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape. It is the result of the deformation of spacetime caused

10、by a very compact mass. Around a black hole there is an undetectable surface which marks the point of no return, called an event horizon. It is called black because it absorbs all the light that hits it, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. Under the theory of quantu

11、m mechanics black holes possess a temperature and emit Hawking radiation.,黑洞。引力極強的地方，沒有任何東西能從該處逃逸，甚至光線也不例外。黑洞可以從大量恒星的“死亡”中產(chǎn)生。當一顆大質(zhì)量恒星耗盡其內(nèi)部的核燃料抵達其演化、末態(tài)時，恒星就變得不穩(wěn)定并發(fā)生引力坍縮。 黑洞是密度超大的星球，吸納一切，光也逃不了。在學術(shù)上不同觀點認為宇宙中不存在黑洞，這需要進一步的證明。黑洞不讓任何其邊界以內(nèi)的任何事物被外界看見，這就是這種物體被稱為“黑洞”的緣故。我們無法通過光的反射來觀察它，只能通過受其影響的周圍物體來間接了解黑洞。雖然這么

12、說，但黑洞還是有它的邊界，既“事件視界”。據(jù)猜測，黑洞是死亡恒星的剩余物，是在特殊的大質(zhì)量超巨星坍塌收縮時產(chǎn)生的。另外，黑洞必須是一顆質(zhì)量大于錢德拉塞卡極限的恒星演化到末期而形成的，質(zhì)量小于錢德拉塞卡極限的恒星是無法形成黑洞的（有關(guān)參考： 時間簡史 霍金著）A brief history of timeby Steven Hawking.,（有關(guān)參考： 時間簡史 霍金著A brief history of time by Steven Hawking. 時間簡史這本書可以說是一部寫給普通人看的物理學著作，用最簡單的語言闡述最深奧的宇宙原理，同時，它也是一本當代青年不可不讀的經(jīng)典名著。 時間終結(jié)

13、黑洞,genetics n. the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms,克隆是英語單詞clone的音譯，clone源于希臘文klone，原意是指幼苗或嫩枝，以無性繁殖或營養(yǎng)繁殖的方式培育植物，如桿插和嫁接。如今，克隆是指生物體通過體細胞進行的無性繁殖，以及由無性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代個體組成的種群?？寺∫部梢岳斫鉃閺椭?、拷貝，就是從原型中產(chǎn)生出同樣的復制品，它的外表及遺傳基因與原型完全相同。,倫理學 正文哲學的一個分支學科，即關(guān)于道德的科學。亦稱道德學、道德哲學或道德科學。 在西方,“倫

14、理學”一詞出于希臘文s，含有風俗、習慣、氣質(zhì)和性格等意義。荷馬史詩中的s，原是一個表示駐地、駐所的名詞。古希臘哲學家亞里士多德從氣質(zhì)、性格的意義上，首先使它成為一個形容詞s，賦予其“倫理的”、“德行的”意義。后來，他又構(gòu)造了一詞，即倫理學。西方最早以倫理學命名的書為尼各馬可倫理學。據(jù)說這本書是亞里士多德的兒子尼各馬可根據(jù)亞里士多德的講稿和談話整理而成的。,同類相食該詞通常針對食人而言，特指人類吃掉其他人類的行為；在動物學上則泛是指一種動物吃掉同物種的行為。 要注意的是，食人的動機有很多種，包括當?shù)匚幕S可的族群食人，饑荒等非常情況下被迫的食人，或是精神異常者所為的食人等等，需要詳細分辨。,Th

15、e importance of play in the modern aesthetic should not come as a surprise.玩耍在現(xiàn)代美學中的重要性不應引起驚訝。 Play n. activity by children that is guided more by imagination than by fixed rules游戲，玩耍，消遣(尤指兒童的自發(fā)活動),It is announced in every city in the developed world by the fantastic and playful buildings of postmod

16、ernism and neo-modernism and by the fantastic juxtapositions of architectural styles that typify collage city and urban adhocism. announced declared publicly; made widely known developed (used of societies) having high industrial development 發(fā)達的 fantastic adj. extravagantly fanciful in design, const

17、ruction, appearance 奇異的=absurd modernism n . genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres現(xiàn)代主義 postmodernism n . genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism juxtaposition n.1. the a

18、ct of positioning close together (or side by side)2. a side-by-side position并置;并列 typify v . embody the essential characteristics of or be a typical example of作為典型;代表 collage n . a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image拼貼畫 Adhocism： 局部獨立主義,This pl

19、ayfulness of the modern aesthetic is fully displayed in every city in the developed world by the playful and fantastic (荒謬的、荒誕的) buildings of postmodernism (后現(xiàn)代主義) and neo-modernism (新現(xiàn)代主義). In these cities one will also find side by side fantastic holdings representing the styles of collage(抽象拼貼畫)

20、city and urban adhocism（局部獨立主義）. 它在發(fā)達世界的每座城市里都通過后現(xiàn)代主義和新現(xiàn)代主義的奇形怪狀和荒誕的建筑物，通過把各種建筑風格奇特地拼湊在一起得到反映，而這恰恰是拼貼畫式的城市和無計劃的大雜燴城市的典型表現(xiàn)。,局部獨立主義是指一種設計方法，特別與后現(xiàn)代主義有關(guān)。1968年詹克斯于建筑評論上創(chuàng)用這個詞，來描述一種“設計物的局部單獨抽離設計完成后，再與設計物其它部分結(jié)合”的設計過程或方法。所以這一局部不必創(chuàng)造一個“新形”，相反的（替代的）是從既有的式樣中竊取局部，然后再組合成新的形體便可。這表示對“（既有）物體”可以另有新用或另有新意，同時強調(diào)設計過程是一種“選擇”更勝于是一種元素的組成。,postmodernism (后現(xiàn)代主義),Postmodernism is a tendency in contemporary culture c