1、,不定式(infinitive)、動(dòng)名詞(gerund)和分詞(participle) 不定式和動(dòng)名詞可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等， 分詞起形容詞和副詞作用，可做表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，但不能做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，,不定式,1.不定式作主語(yǔ)(subject)時(shí)To help others is our duty.To speak good English is not easy.注：可將it形式主語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)的位置，把動(dòng)詞不定式放在句尾。Its necessary for us to meet again.Its a good idea to draw the fish.,賓語(yǔ)（obj

2、ect),2.不定式常常用作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：afford，agree，ask，attempt，beg，begin，bother，care，choose，claim，consent，decide，demand，desire，endeavor，expect，fail，fear，hate，help，hesitate，hinder，hope，intend，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，pledge，prefer，prepare，pretend，refuse，resolve，start，threaten，undertake，venture，volunteer，wan

3、t I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. The car repairer began to check my car engine. The little girl pretended to be asleep when her mother entered the room.,“疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語(yǔ): decide，explain，guess，know，inquire，observe，show，teach，tell，understand，wonder I havent decided when to hold the Engl

4、ish Evening. The farmer showed us how to cut rice.,在感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后如feel，have，hear，let，make，notice，observe，overhear，perceive，see，watch，listen to，look at，had better，would rather than ，would sooner than ，rather than，may well do，may as well do，can not but ，can not help but ，以及do but/except do句型,之后to常常被省略，但在

5、它的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to不能被省略。例如：,I heard the girl sing in the classroom. The girl is heard to sing in the classroom. They had nothing to do but stay in the waiting room. They had no choice but to stay in the waiting room.,4.作定語(yǔ)(attributive modifier)時(shí)The only way to arrest him is to watch the papers. 5.作狀語(yǔ)(adverbi

6、al modifier)時(shí)We come to school to study French.We left home (in order/so as) to catch the first train to London.,不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）進(jìn)行時(shí)He pretended to be reading a book when I came into the room.完成時(shí)He seemed to have forgotten everything.（2）被動(dòng)式The meeting has to be cancelled because the chairman is ill.（3）否

7、定式He tried hard not to do anything that might hurt her pride.,動(dòng)名詞,1.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù) Saying is easier than doing. Seeing is believing. 注：It形式主語(yǔ)可放在主語(yǔ)的位置，把動(dòng)名詞放在句尾。It felt funny watching myself on TV.Its no use crying over the spilt milk.(覆水難收) Crying over the spilt milk is no use. 在there be 句型中作主語(yǔ) Th

8、eres no getting along with him.(簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法和他相處) There is no telling who will win. 說(shuō)不上誰(shuí)會(huì)贏。 There is no knowing what the weather will be like this evening. 不知道天氣會(huì)怎樣,2.表語(yǔ)My favorite sport is skiing. His job is teaching us English. =Teaching us English is his job. His hobby is painting = Painting is his hobby

9、,3.賓語(yǔ),1）有些動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) avoid miss put off/ postpone 避免 錯(cuò)過(guò) 少延期 suggest finish practice 建議 完成 多練習(xí) enjoy imagine cant help 喜歡 想象 禁不住,admit deny envy 承認(rèn) 否定 與嫉妒 escape risk excuse 逃避 冒險(xiǎn) 莫原諒 stand keep mind 忍受 保持 不介意,（2）在某些固定詞組后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) refer to (參考，談到) look forward to (盼望) pay attention to (注意到) stick to (

10、堅(jiān)持) devote oneself to (奉獻(xiàn)給) be used to (習(xí)慣于) get used to (變得習(xí)慣于) object to (反對(duì)) give up (放棄) insist on (堅(jiān)持要) set about (開(kāi)始著手于) feel like (想做) succeed in （doing sth） (成功干某事) be worth doing 值得做某事,（3）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以接動(dòng)詞不定式，也可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，表示不同的含義。 remember / forget to do sth. 記住/ 忘記要做的某事 remember / forget doing sth

11、. 記住/ 忘記做過(guò)某事 regret to do sth. 因要做或要說(shuō)什么而抱歉或遺憾 regrt doing sth. 因做了或說(shuō)了什么而遺憾或后悔,（4）在need, want, require 等動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義。如果用不定式，必須用被動(dòng)式，但用動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)候較多。 The windows want cleaning. 窗子需要擦干凈。 The grass needs cutting = The grass needs to be cut 草坪需要修剪,(5).作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)He left without saying goodbye to us.Im looki

12、ng forward to meeting you.,4.作定語(yǔ)，它修飾的名詞的用途，不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 The university presidents opening speech is encouraging.,動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞一般表示的是主語(yǔ)的行為或狀況，如果表示的不是主語(yǔ)的行為或狀況，由名詞所有格或物主代詞表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)。（Johns）His marrying a village girl surprised all his friends.Mother dislikes my(me) working late. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) Marys not passing the ex

13、am made her mother very angry The students knowing English well will help them to learn French.,.動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)形式（1）完成時(shí)態(tài)He was charged with having neglected his duty.（2）被動(dòng)形式The problem is far from being solved.The food shows no sign of having been touched.,現(xiàn)在分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞在句子里可以用作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。,1.表語(yǔ)，描述的是主語(yǔ)的特征，相

14、當(dāng)于形容詞，故不可與主語(yǔ)互換。 The day is so charming! 今天天氣真好！ The film is moving and interesting. 這部電影感人而有趣。 The girl was very amusing. 這女孩很有趣。,2、作定語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，含有進(jìn)行和主動(dòng)的意思。這時(shí)，被修飾的名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上存在著主謂關(guān)系。 （1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)一般表示現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 The man running over there is our chairman = The man who is running over there is our chairman

15、. 正在朝那邊跑的那個(gè)人是我們的主席。 （2）現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 The road joining the two villages is very wide. = The road that joins the two villages is very wide. 連接這兩個(gè)村子的路非常寬。,3.賓補(bǔ),（1）感官動(dòng)詞接現(xiàn)在分詞（v-ing）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法 感官動(dòng)詞feel, find, hear, smell, observe, watch, notice, look at, listen to 等接v-ing 形式的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示賓語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： I

16、felt the house shaking. 我覺(jué)得房子在晃動(dòng)。 I smell something burning. 我聞到東西燒焦的味。,（2）使役動(dòng)詞接現(xiàn)在分詞（v-ing）作賓補(bǔ)的用法。 使役動(dòng)詞如 have, set, get, catch, keep, leave 等接v-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示賓語(yǔ)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 His words set me thinking. 他的話使我深思。 His letter left me feeling pretty bad. 他的信使我感覺(jué)很壞。,4.狀語(yǔ),Hearing the good news, he jumped with great j

17、oy. (= when he heard the news, he jumped with great joy.) Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. ( = Because he saw nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.) The girls came in, following their parents. (= The girls followed their parents and came in.),The poor old man died,

18、leaving nothing to his children. (= The old man was so poor that he died leaving nothing to his children. / The poor old man who left nothing to his children died.) Traveling by car, we visited many places. Working very hard, he didnt feel a bit tired. (=Though he worked very hard, he didnt feel a b

19、it tired.) Using your head, youll have a good idea. ( = If you use your head, youll have a good idea. / Use your head and youll have a good idea.),1、時(shí)間性。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般式；發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，則用完成式having done。 2、語(yǔ)態(tài)性。與句子主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系，或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，遵循“主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，被動(dòng)完成”的規(guī)則。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。,Gerund /present participle,1.定語(yǔ) 1）沒(méi)

20、有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，被修飾名詞的用途時(shí)，v-ing為動(dòng)名詞： a swimming pool一個(gè)游泳池； a walking stick一根拐棍,2）有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示名詞本身的動(dòng)作、行為時(shí)，v-ing 為現(xiàn)在分詞。 The boy sittingon the sofa is a classmate of mine. a speaking boy = a boy who is speaking,2.表語(yǔ) 1） 即主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)可以互換位置而意思不變時(shí)，v-ing 為動(dòng)名詞。如：Her job is looking after the children = Looking after the children is he