1、War and peace,Unit 2,Second Edition,Unit 2,Warm-up,At the end of World War , Japanese government ignored the ultimatum issued by the USA and its allied countries. In order to force Japan to surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed as m

2、any as 260,000 people by the end of 1945. These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. Watch the video and answer the following questions.,Reading A,Pre-reading Tasks,Reading Comprehension,After-reading Tasks,Pre-reading Tasks,Do you know the wars in Iraq and Af

3、ghanistan? What were the consequences of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan?,Reading Comprehension,1. Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan find little ethical defence in the “just war”. Each of us struggles to make peace with our actions. In trying to understand the ongoing suicide epidemic among soldiers

4、 and veterans, a third factor in addition to physical injuries and PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder) is now being discussed: the moral injuries they bring back. 2. During my officer training at Sandhurst in the UK, I was taught that fighting powerthe ability to operate in the warcould be broken

5、down to three mutually dependent components: physical (the means to operate), conceptual (the ideas behind how to operate), and moral (the ability to get people to operate).,Translation,The lonely soldier and the moral scars of war,Para. 12,Reading Comprehension,3. After leaving theatres of war, sol

6、diers had been affected to different degrees in those three areas, each of which influences their ability to operate once home. The physical and conceptual components are both too apparent: the soldier who had his testicles blown off or who woke up screaming at night. Moral scars, though less notice

7、able, have a way of cutting deep, also. And they are not negated as easily as many suppose.,Translation,Para. 34,4. During the ensuing firefight with the Taliban, a soldier spotted a girlhe reckoned a four-year- oldon the roof of an Afghan compound, holding a mobile phone to her ear. He assessed she

8、 was a Taliban mortar fire controller, directing intense enemy fire onto his patrol position; they were pinned down as a result. He radioed a jet and directed it to drop a bomb onto the girl and the building.,Reading Comprehension,Translation,Para. 59,5. “I did what I had to do,” he told me. 6. Not

9、such an easy one for armchair moralists to call. Countless soldiers returned with such experiences on their consciences. 7. “Im no longer the good person I once thought I was,” wrote Timothy Kudo, an ex-US Marine Corps captain, of life after an Afghanistan tour and ordering the deaths of others. He

10、nails a dilemma most veterans face: the only people who can forgive us are dead. 8. Soldiers seek justification for their actions in the aftermath, when reflection is afforded. An obvious source for justificationas well as inspiring many to join the militaryis the notion of acting on the “right side

11、”, being part of a broader effort to do some good. But try sustaining that narrative after tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. I couldnt. 9. “The killing of children can never be justified,” wrote Kurt Vonnegut, after he experienced the Dresden bombing.,Reading Comprehension,10. Regardless of numbers kil

12、led before, soldiers can feel morally bankrupt facing up to the tally they carry. Each death shames us, eroding our claim to a shared humanitywhich isnt a concept that evaporates by joining the military. 11. Soldiers and veterans are keenly aware of the ethical damage of war which theyve instigated,

13、 each in their own way. Everyone reacts differently, but guilt and shame are hard to avoid. Sharing such feelings is immensely hard, as many fear being condemned and consequently feel exiled in society. 12. The more time goes by since leaving the army, the more doubts occur about whether I ever did

14、the right thing. Ive realised Ill probably never achieve any answersperhaps for the bestand should get used to living with the unanswered. 13. Sadly, thats much easier said than done. As the repercussions of Iraq and Afghanistan play out, many soldiers and veterans will continue making the loneliest

15、 of decisions.,Translation,Para. 1013,Reading Comprehension Translation,1. 伊拉克與阿富汗的老兵，很難對(duì)“正義之戰(zhàn)”做出道德辯護(hù)。我們中的每一位，都掙扎著同自己的所作所為尋求和解。自殺就像流行病一般，在戰(zhàn)士與老兵中漫延。究其原因，除了肢體傷殘與創(chuàng)傷后精神障礙之外，第三個(gè)因素正得到廣泛的探討：他們帶回來(lái)的道德創(chuàng)傷。 2. 在英國(guó)桑德赫斯特進(jìn)行的軍官培訓(xùn)中，他們教我說(shuō)，戰(zhàn)斗力即戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的行動(dòng)能力可以細(xì)分為三個(gè)相互依存的構(gòu)成要素：身體要素（行動(dòng)的工具）、概念要素（如何行動(dòng)背后的理念），以及道德要素（驅(qū)使人們行動(dòng)的能力）。,孤獨(dú)的

16、戰(zhàn)士與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的道德傷痕,Para. 1、2,Reading Comprehension Translation,Para. 3、4,3. 離開(kāi)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)之后，戰(zhàn)士們?cè)谶@三個(gè)領(lǐng)域，都受到了不同程度的影響。一旦歸家，每一處都影響到他們正常的行動(dòng)能力。身體與概念要素都是顯而易見(jiàn)的：睪丸被炸飛的士兵，或者他們半夜驚醒后的尖叫。道德傷痕雖察之似淺，然感之亦切。并且，它們并非如眾人所猜想的那樣，輕易就能被否認(rèn)。 4. 在與塔利班曠日持久的交火中，一個(gè)士兵發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)女孩他估計(jì)四歲左右站在阿富汗院落的屋頂上，拿著手機(jī)貼近耳邊。他確定她就是塔利班迫擊炮控制員，指揮敵方將密集的炮火傾瀉到他巡邏的地點(diǎn)，以致他們寸步難行。他

17、用無(wú)線電呼叫戰(zhàn)機(jī)，將一枚炸彈投向了那個(gè)女孩和那座建筑物。,Reading Comprehension Translation,5. “我做了我該做的事情，”他告訴我。 6. 無(wú)論那些怡然自得的道德家如何說(shuō)，事情遠(yuǎn)非如此簡(jiǎn)單。無(wú)數(shù)的戰(zhàn)士返鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，良心上背負(fù)著類(lèi)似的經(jīng)歷。 7. “我不再是那個(gè)曾經(jīng)自認(rèn)為的好人，”工藤提摩太寫(xiě)道。他是前美國(guó)海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)上尉，阿富汗之行雖幸免于難，卻令其他人命喪黃泉。他一針見(jiàn)血地揭示出大多數(shù)老兵面臨的困境：僅有的那些能寬恕我們的人，都死了。 8. 戰(zhàn)士們?cè)诔惺芊此伎嗤粗?，努力地為其所作所為的后果尋求辯解。一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)同樣也是激發(fā)眾人參軍的理由，就是為“正義方”而戰(zhàn)的概念

18、，同時(shí)也是更大程度上“行善”的組成部分。但是在伊拉克與阿富汗之行后，如果試圖維系那種敘述，我做不到。 9. “任何理由都無(wú)法為殺害兒童開(kāi)脫，”庫(kù)爾特馮內(nèi)古特在經(jīng)歷了德累斯頓轟炸之后寫(xiě)道。,Para. 59,Reading Comprehension Translation,10. 不管之前究竟殺了多少人，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)士們直面自己所背負(fù)的賬單時(shí)，他們能夠感覺(jué)到道德上的破產(chǎn)。每一個(gè)死亡都使我們蒙羞，腐蝕著我們所謂的為共同的人性而戰(zhàn)的宣言這并不是一個(gè)因參軍就能煙消云散的概念。 11. 所有的戰(zhàn)士與老兵都以自己的方式，強(qiáng)烈地感觸著他們挑起的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)所帶來(lái)的道德傷害。每個(gè)人的反應(yīng)雖不同，但是負(fù)罪與恥辱感是實(shí)難避免的

19、。他們極難與他人分享此類(lèi)感受，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε率艿阶l責(zé)，從而在社會(huì)中遭遇孤立。 12. 退伍的時(shí)間愈久，閃現(xiàn)的疑問(wèn)愈多：我的所作所為是否是正義之舉。我意識(shí)到可能永遠(yuǎn)也無(wú)法獲得答案這也許是最好的結(jié)果并且應(yīng)該漸漸習(xí)慣于帶著這些懸疑生活。 13. 不幸的是，這說(shuō)起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難。隨著伊拉克與阿富汗行動(dòng)的惡果逐漸顯現(xiàn)，許多戰(zhàn)士與老兵將繼續(xù)做著最為孤獨(dú)的決定。,Para. 1013,Reading Comprehension Words v.to preserve on a disc or magnetic tape for later reprodution rekd n. the highest or

20、lowest ever reached 7. He always looks so content with his life. The content of your paper was excellent, but there were a lot of grammar mistakes. kntent adj. happy and satisfied kntent n. the ideas, facts,or opinions that are contained in a speech, piece of writing etc.,Language in UseVocabulary B

21、uilding,Exercise,8. Close that window! The wind is too strong. Youre not close to getting the answer. kls v. to shut something in order to cover an opening kluzadj. seeming very likely to happen or very likely to do something soon 9. I soon get used to working the late night shift. I dont trust used

22、 car dealers. Id never buy a car from them just adj. (+to sth/doing sth)having learned to accept sth juzdadj. second-hand 10. Whats that little black object? I strongly object to being treated like a child. bdkt n.a solid thing that can be seen or touched bdektv.to oppose,Reading B,Pre-reading Tasks

23、,Reading Comprehension,After-reading Tasks,Pre-reading tasks,Have you read the book named Annes Diary? What is it about? Share what you know about it with your classmates.,Reading Comprehension,WEDNESDAY, 8 JULY 1942 Dearest Kitty, 1. It seems like years since Sunday morning. So much has happened it

24、s as if the whole world had suddenly turned upside down. But as you can see, Kitty, Im still alive, and thats the main thing, Father says. 2. Im alive all right, but dont ask where or how. You probably dont understand a word Im saying today, so Ill begin by telling you what happened Sunday afternoon

25、. 3. At three oclock (Hello had left but was supposed to come back later), the doorbell rang. I didnt hear it, since I was out on the balcony, lazily reading in the sun. A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. “Father has received a call-up notice from the

26、SS,” she whispered. “Mother has gone to see Mr. van Daan.” (Mr. van Daan is Fathers business partner and a good friend.),Translation,Anne Frank: the diary of a young girl (excerpt),Para. 13,Reading Comprehension,4. I was stunned. A call-up: everyone knows what that means. Visions of concentration ca

27、mps and lonely cells raced through my head. How could we let Father go to such a fate? “Of course hes not going,” declared Margot as we waited for Mother in the living-room. “Mothers gone to Mr. van Daan to ask whether we can move to our hiding place tomorrow. The van Daans are going with us. There

28、will be seven of us altogether.” Silence. We couldnt speak. The thought of Father off visiting someone in the Jewish Hospital and completely unaware of what was happening, the long wait for Mother, the heat, the suspenseall this reduced us to silence. 5. Suddenly the doorbell rang again. “Thats Hell

29、o,” I said. 6. “Dont open the door!” exclaimed Margot to stop me. But it wasnt necessary, since we heard Mother and Mr. van Daan downstairs talking to Hello, and then the two of them came inside and shut the door behind them. Every time the bell rang, either Margot or I had to tiptoe downstairs to s

30、ee if it was Father, and we didnt let anyone else in.,Translation,Para. 46,Reading Comprehension,7. Margot and I were sent from the room, as Mr. van Daan wanted to talk to Mother alone. 8. When she and I were sitting in our bedroom, Margot told me that the call-up was not for Father, but for her. At

31、 this second shock, I began to cry. Margot is sixteen apparently they want to send girls her age away on their own. But thank goodness she wont be going; Mother had said so herself, which must be what Father had meant when he talked to me about our going into hiding. Hiding where would we hide? In t

32、he city? In the country? In a house? In a shack? When, where, how? These were questions I wasnt allowed to ask, but they still kept running through my mind. 9. Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a satchel. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, hand

33、kerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the satchel, but Im not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses. 10. Father finally came home around five oclock. After that it was quiet in our flat; none of us

34、felt like eating. It was still hot, and everything was very strange.,Translation,Para. 710,Reading Comprehension,11. I was exhausted, and even though I knew itd be my last night in my own bed, I fell asleep right away and didnt wake up until Mother called me at five-thirty the next morning. Fortunat

35、ely, it wasnt as hot as Sunday; a warm rain fell throughout the day. The four of us were wrapped in so many layers of clothes it looked as if we were going off to spend the night in a refrigerator, and all that just so we could take more clothes with us. No Jew in our situation would dare leave the

36、house with a suitcase full of clothes. I was wearing two vests, three pairs of pants, a dress, and over that a skirt, a jacket, a raincoat, two pairs of stockings, heavy shoes, a cap, a scarf and lots more. I was suffocating even before we left the house, but no one bothered to ask me how I felt. 12

37、. Margot stuffed her satchel with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown. At any rate, thats how I thought of it, since I still didnt know where our hiding place was. More tomorrow. Yours, Anne,Translation,Para. 11、12,Reading Comprehensio

38、n Translation,1942年7月8日 星期三 親愛(ài)的吉蒂： 1. 從星期天早晨到現(xiàn)在，好像過(guò)了好幾年。發(fā)生了那么多事情，整個(gè)世界好像突然天翻地覆似的！可是，吉蒂，你瞧，我還活著，爸爸說(shuō)這是最主要的。 2. 不錯(cuò)，我的確還活著，可千萬(wàn)別問(wèn)我在哪里和怎么活著。我想你今天完全聽(tīng)不懂我在說(shuō)什么，所以我就直截了當(dāng)?shù)匕研瞧谔彀l(fā)生的事情告訴你吧。 3. 下午三點(diǎn)（赫洛剛走，我們想他過(guò)后會(huì)再來(lái)），門(mén)鈴響了。我正懶洋洋地躺在陽(yáng)臺(tái)的長(zhǎng)椅上看書(shū)，所以沒(méi)有聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，瑪戈特站在廚房門(mén)口看起來(lái)很焦慮的樣子?！鞍职纸拥近h衛(wèi)隊(duì)的傳喚了，”她悄悄地說(shuō)，“媽媽已到范丹先生家去了。”（范丹先生是我們家的好朋友，也

39、是爸爸公司的合伙人。）,Para. 13,Reading Comprehension Translation,4. 我大吃一驚。傳喚！人人都知道這意味著什么。集中營(yíng)和冷清清的牢房出現(xiàn)在我的腦海中，我們?cè)趺茨茏尠职秩ツ抢锬?？“他?dāng)然不會(huì)去，”當(dāng)我們坐在起居室里等媽媽的時(shí)候，瑪戈特肯定地說(shuō)，“媽媽去找范丹先生商量，我們是否明天就躲到我們的藏身處去。范丹家和我們一起走，共有七個(gè)人?！?屋子里靜悄悄的。我們?cè)僖舱劜幌氯ァＮ覀冃睦锏肽钪职?，他到猶太人醫(yī)院去看望病人去了，肯定沒(méi)想到會(huì)有禍?zhǔn)拢戎鴭寢尰貋?lái)，天氣這么熱，心里焦急這一切都令我們說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。 5. 門(mén)鈴?fù)蝗挥猪懫饋?lái)?！笆呛章??！蔽艺f(shuō)?，敻晏?cái)r住

40、我。 6. “別開(kāi)門(mén)！”但這是多此一舉。我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)媽媽和范丹先生在樓下同赫洛說(shuō)話。接著他們進(jìn)了屋，隨手把門(mén)關(guān)上。門(mén)鈴每響一次，我或瑪戈特就得輕手輕腳地下樓去看是不是爸爸回來(lái)了。別人都不讓進(jìn)來(lái)。,Para. 46,Reading Comprehension Translation,7. 瑪戈特和我被支出客廳，范丹想同媽媽單獨(dú)談話。 8. 瑪戈特和我坐在自己的房間里，瑪戈特告訴我，那個(gè)傳喚不是給父親的，而是給她的。我又吃了一驚，傷心地哭起來(lái)?，敻晏夭攀鶜q。難道他們要把這樣年輕的姑娘送走么？幸好她不會(huì)去，媽媽親口說(shuō)過(guò)。爸爸跟我談藏匿的時(shí)候，大概也是這個(gè)意思。藏匿！藏匿到哪里去呢？城里？鄉(xiāng)下？一棟房子

41、里，一所茅舍里？什么時(shí)候？在哪兒？怎么藏匿？這些問(wèn)題都是我不該問(wèn)的，可我總是丟不下。 9. 瑪戈特和我開(kāi)始把我們最需要的東西裝進(jìn)書(shū)包里。我拿的第一樣?xùn)|西就是這個(gè)日記本，然后是卷發(fā)夾、手帕、課本、梳子和舊的信件。我一心想著藏匿的事，因此盡把些亂七八糟的東西塞進(jìn)書(shū)包。但是我并不后悔，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，回憶比衣服更重要。 10.五點(diǎn)鐘，爸爸終于回家了。此后，我們家里靜悄悄的。我們誰(shuí)也不想吃飯。天氣仍然很熱，一切都很怪。,Para. 710,Reading Comprehension Translation,11.我困得要命，盡管我知道這是我在自己床上睡覺(jué)的最后一夜，我還是馬上就睡著了，一覺(jué)睡到第二天早上五點(diǎn)

42、半被媽媽叫醒。幸好那天已不像星期天那樣熱；溫暖的細(xì)雨整天下個(gè)不停。我們四人都穿得厚厚的，好像要在冰箱里過(guò)夜似的，而這只是為了再多帶些衣服走。處在我們這種境地的猶太人，沒(méi)有一個(gè)敢提著裝滿衣服的箱子出門(mén)。我穿了兩件襯衣、三條褲子、一件連衣裙，外面還套上一條裙子、一件風(fēng)衣，穿了兩雙襪子、厚鞋子，戴上帽子，圍上圍巾，還有很多其他的東西。在家里我就已經(jīng)幾乎透不過(guò)氣來(lái)了，但是誰(shuí)也不問(wèn)我感覺(jué)怎么樣。 12. 瑪戈特把書(shū)包塞滿課本，騎著她的自行車(chē)跟在米普后面，奔向一個(gè)我不知道的遙遠(yuǎn)地方。至少我是這樣想的，因?yàn)槲乙恢边€不知道我們要去的神秘地方在哪里。 明天再談。 安妮,Para. 11、12,Reading C

43、omprehension Words & Expressions,1. agitate v.,to make someone feel anxious, upset and nervous 使焦慮不安 e.g. I must warn you that any mention of Clare agitates your grandmother.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,2. race v.,if your heart or mind races, it works harder and faster than usual 快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

44、e.g. 1. My mind was racing, trying to think where I had seen him before. 2. My heart was racing and my knees shook uncontrollably.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,3. stun v.,to surprise or upset someone so much that they do not react immediately 使（某人）目瞪口呆或感到震驚 e.g. Redfern stunned the crow

45、d with a last-minute goal.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,4. suppose v.,to think that something is probably true, based on what you know 猜想 e.g. There were many more deaths than was first supposed.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,5. suspense n.,a feeling of excitement or anxiety

46、 when you do not know what will happen next 焦慮 e.g. 1. She couldnt bear the suspense a moment longer. 2. They kept us in suspense for over two hours.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,6. tiptoe v.,to walk quietly and carefully on your toes, so that nobody hears you 踮著腳走 e.g. 1. His mother ti

47、ptoed into the room. 2. I tiptoed along the corridor.,Reading Comprehension Words & Expressions,7. vision n.,an idea of what you think something should be like 幻想 e.g. 1. He had a clear vision of how he hoped the company would develop. 2. The President outlined his vision for the future.,After-readi

48、ng Tasks Discussion,1. How much do you know about Anne Frank? Can you infer Annes characteristics from her diary? 2. Why is Annes diary so popular in many countries?,Project,At the end of World War II, the US dropped two atomic bombs on two cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which brought the

49、war to a timely end. Years later, with great concern to the destructive consequences of the atomic bombings, many began to question such an action. Nowadays, opinions are still divided over the question: was it right for the US to drop atomic bombs on Japan?,Was it right for the US to drop atomic bo

50、mbs on Japan?,Project,Step 1,Step 2,Step 3,Step 4,Below are some opinions that either support or oppose the USs bombing action. Work with your partner and discuss whether you agree with the following opinions or not. It doesnt matter if you two have different opinions. Supportive: It punished the Ja

51、panese government for its evil deeds. It accelerated the war to an end and thus prevented further destruction. It saved the lives of civilians in other countries which were invaded by Japan. Ending the war quickly would return soldiers, including Japanese soldiers, to their homes to start a normal l

52、ife again. Opposing: Japanese lives were sacrificed in the atomic bombing. The atomic bombing, especially the radiation, caused great damage to the environment. There was no necessity to drop atomic bombs since Japan was at a great disadvantage in the war, and was sure to surrender soon.,Peoples opi

53、nions,Project,Step 1,Step 2,Step 3,Step 4,Take your side and join in a group that shares the same opinion with you. Then search for more information either on the Internet or in the library to support your opinion and make a list of them. You may arrange the pieces of information in order according

54、to their importance. This step may help you a lot to enlarge your history knowledge.,Your opinion,Project,Step 1,Step 2,Step 3,Step 4,The teacher may have your group to debate with another one which holds the opposite opinion. So, try to give out as much information as possible to convince your rivals of your opinion.,Class debate,Project,Step 1,Step 2,Step 3,Step 4,No matter you win the debate or not