1、寫作教師用書 托福專業(yè)輔導(dǎo)教材 2011 版 北京前程百利輔導(dǎo),TOEFL IBT,考試托福部專業(yè)課程,主講：考試托福部,一、獨立口語 Task 1 Task 2 二、綜合口語 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6,托?？谡Z概況,在口語部分，考生需要就基于個人經(jīng)歷、校園環(huán)境和學(xué)術(shù)性材料提出的各種話題用英語表達自己的觀點。答題時間共20分鐘。 Task 1,2:獨立口語任務(wù)，寫生要依據(jù)自己的觀點、見解或者經(jīng)歷來回答問題。 Task 3,4:讀文章討論或者講座節(jié)選答題 Task 5,6:聽對話或者節(jié)選的講座片段答題 在整個口語考試中，考生可以記筆記，并在回答時作參考。,托福口語概

2、況,口語評分標準 獨立口語：旨在檢驗學(xué)生能否闡明并連貫表達自己的觀點、能否運用恰當?shù)慕忉屌c細節(jié)描述充實并支持論點，一級語言表達時間偶清晰流暢、易于理解。 綜合口語：旨在檢驗考生能否根據(jù)1到2段材料傳達相關(guān)信息，能否連貫表達觀點并通過恰當?shù)慕忉尯图毠?jié)描寫充實論點，以及語言表達是否清晰流暢、易于理解。 Delivery Language use Topic development,一、人物類 二、地點類 三、事物類 1、抽象事物 2、具體事物 四、事件類,獨立口語,一、人物類,Sample answer1: Describe the qualities of a good leader: I th

3、ink a leader needs at least two important characteristics. First, a leader should be good at management. There are usually a great number of members under the charge of one leader, so a leader is supposed to organize everything well in order to make a company run smoothly. Secondly, a good leader sh

4、ould be good at making decisions. A good and correct decision can lead to the final success, whereas a wrong and delayed decision may bring about disasters to the company. Of course, this skill requires a lot of working experience.,Sample answer2: Describe the qualities of a good colleague: First, a

5、 colleague is supposed to be efficient in work. When given a task by the boss, all the team members should take their duties and cooperate well in order to finish it quickly. If one of the colleagues is slow and left behind, a project will be delayed. Secondly, I think a colleague should be ready to

6、 help others. When a new employee comes to the company, he knows little about the work, so it is his colleagues who are supposed to help him. But there are some staff members who wouldnt like to help others, for they are afraid that others will excel them afterwards.,二、地點類,Sample answer1: If your fo

7、reign friends are going to visit your country, where do you suggest them to go? If I had the chance, Id like to take the foreign visitors to the Forbidden City. First, the Forbidden City has a history of more than 600 years and is the place where the royal family used to live during the Qing and Min

8、g dynasty. The Forbidden City is so large that it has more than 900 rooms. Its magnificent architecture which includes many Chinese elements has become the symbol of Chinese culture. Second, thousands of visitors from different parts of the world come to see it every day. They all say it looks much

9、grander than it looks in movies. Whats more，there are a lot of antiques displaying in the Forbidden city attracting many visitors .,Sample answer2: Where would you like to live, Mountain, forest, beach, or desert? The place Id like to live is the forest. I prefer it for the following reasons. First

10、of all, the air in the forest is much fresher than that in the city. And I know doctors will suggest people to go there to breathe in more oxygen. I have a cousin, Jimmy, who used to have problems with his lungs and his doctor told him to go to the forest as much as he could. Now he is well again. A

11、lso, we can hike or even have picnics in the forest as long as we do not get lost. It must be such a nice experience to feel the breeze and watch the green trees sitting on the grass with your friends while you can enjoy your delicious food.,1、抽象事物,事物類,Describe the most important decision that youve

12、 made in your life. A particularly significant decision Ive made in my life was that I came to work and live in Beijing. I had just finished my contract on a very decent job and I suppose I wanted a new challenging and demanding job. So I decided to come to Beijing, the capital city filled with tale

13、nts and opportunities. Besides,I was always a bit passionate and I liked to do things on thespur of the moment. Arriving in a new city wasexciting. Just walking out of the station with a suitcase and two bags and with a dream of doing something for the Olympic Games, I felt I had arrived and I felt

14、life was mine and I could make it to be exactly what I wanted. That summer, I realized again that life never ought to be boring, but on the contrary is full of adventure and challenge and is exciting, too.,2、具體事物,Describe a book that you think is interesting. Explain why this book is interesting to

15、you. Include details and examples in your explanation. Code of Vinci is undoubtedly a very interesting book which attracts a list of readers in the world. First, personally, I have to say that we can learn a lot about the western culture from this book, such as the religion, the Bible, the mysteriou

16、s churches, the museums in Paris, and some other mysteries. Additionally，the whole story in the book develops in a very logical and amazing way, full of mysteries and detective elements which keep my interest to know what happens next. It is really an attractive book.,綜合口語Task 3 聽力部分的筆記應(yīng)注意以下事項： (1)

17、對話通常為一男一女對閱讀文章中的話題發(fā)表自己的看法。選擇發(fā)表觀點最直接最強烈的一方記錄 (2) 看法強烈的一方對文章中的問題可能表示贊成，也可能表示反對，并給出支持自己觀點的兩個理由，考生要對此信息進行記錄。,常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式,1) 閱讀部分復(fù)述時，第一句話要交代閱讀內(nèi)容的背景，一般以下列表達為主： The university is going to/has planned/has decided to., because.(原因一)，also. (原因二) In the announcement/notice, the university is going to., the first re

18、ason is., the second reason is. (2) 閱讀部分介紹完畢，可以直接說明學(xué)生的態(tài)度，并自然過渡到聽力內(nèi)容。 The woman/man totally agrees with the universitys announcement/decision/policy. The man/woman is against/supporting. He/she feels unhappy/less satisfied about. She/he thinks the. is unfair/inconvenient/unaffordable for the followin

19、g reasons. (3) 聽力部分，當轉(zhuǎn)述對話人所給出的兩個理由時，可以用以下表達： First, she/he thinks/says Also, she/he points out that.,真題練習(xí),2009年2月28日,Narrator Now listen to two students as they discuss the opening letter. Man: Look! Thats great! Woman: What do you mean? Man: The school would make a good decision by following throug

20、h on that students proposal. Woman: What is the proposal about? Man: Here you go: a letter in the newspaper states that the school should allocate funds to organize field trips for students. I believe this act will have a positive impact. Woman: Okay, please explain your idea a little bit further.,M

21、an: Well, the school will definitely be doing a good thing in providing funds for this. Especially in spring and summer, a lot of students enjoy taking nature walks. However, not all of them have transportation, making it difficult to take trips. Students living in the center of the city would find

22、trips like that difficult to make. But with the transportation covered by the school, more students would be able to take a break from their studies and go on nature walks. Woman: You are right. Being out and about in nature is really refreshing, right? Man: Thats right. Spending all our time and en

23、ergy on studying leads to exhaustion. Trips like these are good experiences for students, helping them to recharge their batteries and experience nature. When they come back, the students will be even more focused on their studies. Woman: Sure, definitely.,Sample Answer: A letter from a student sugg

24、ested that the school should financially support a wilderness club for students because students need to get in touch with nature and take a break from their studies. The man likes the proposal for the following reasons. Many students who want to take nature walks do not have proper transportation,

25、making it too difficult for them to travel on field trips. But the free transport offered by the school will enable students to go on nature walks. After students are recharged from the trip, they will be able to concentrate more on their schoolwork.,綜合口語task4 答題思路 回答這個問題的時候，考生需要試用來自聽力和閱讀材料的信息，并把教授在

26、講座中提到的例子和閱讀文章中提出籠統(tǒng)的概念相練習(xí)?？忌恍枰灰涣信e出細節(jié)，但是提供的信息也是能夠讓沒有聽過講座的人理解的。,常用句式結(jié)構(gòu) In this set of materials, the reading passage describesand the listening material is on the same topic. According to the lecture, the professor discusses the point that The professor talks about the theory that . He/she gives one/

27、two examples to explain such a point The reading passage gives the definition of In the lecture, the professor goes on to demonstrate it by introducing some examples. The first is The second is From the reading material，we know thatTo demonstrate it，the speaker provides two examples/reasons/research

28、es. One example is thatAnother example is that .,真題練習(xí),2009年10月18日 Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is an economic phenomenon describing the next-best choice available to someone who has picked between several mutually exclusive choices. The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensurin

29、g that scarce resources are used efficiently. For example, there are many options in a scenario. When people with a fixed amount of money choose one of them and benefit from it, they must give up the benefits associated with other options. Narrator: M: welcome to my class. Youre in Macroeconomics. T

30、oday, were going to learn about an important economic concept known as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the process of choosing one product or service over another. The item that you dont pick is the opportunity cost. It is assessed in not only monetary, but also material terms.,Even though peo

31、ple might not realize it, they use opportunity cost every single day. Here is an example. Many years ago, the school had two options in developing school infrastructure. One choice was to build a new swimming pool, because the school lacked one and students had to go all the way to the public pool d

32、owntown. The second option was construction of a new library, because the existing one was too small. In the end, the school decided to build a swimming pool. While making this decision, the school considered both the cost and the opportunity cost of building the swimming pool. The opportunity cost

33、in this case was the benefits the school would have received from building a new library. For instance, many students may not prefer a swimming pool and would have wanted a good environment for learning or doing research. The school would have to forego their interests if it wanted to build a swimmi

34、ng pool.,Question: the professor takes one example to illustrate the phenomenon of “opportunity cost”. Explain how this example is related to the reading passage. Preparation time: 30 seconds Response time: 60 seconds Sample answer: The lecture talks about opportunity cost, which is an economic phen

35、omenon. It means the process and cost of choosing one thing over another. People use opportunity cost in their everyday lives, but most of them might not be aware of it. For example, a school once had two options over whether to build a new swimming pool or a new library. After having considered the

36、 opportunity cost between the two options, the school decided to build a swimming pool. The cost in this case was the students benefiting from having more books and a good environment for learning or conducting research from a new library.,2009年2月28日 Competence In psychology, competence is a standar

37、dized requirement for an individual to properly perform a specific job. It encompasses a combination of knowledge, skills and behavior utilized to improve performance. More generally, competence is the ability to perform a specific task, action or function successfully. Competence has two stages: th

38、e conscious and unconscious. Now listen to a lecture on this topic in an education psychology class. W: Both conscious competence and unconscious competence are names for the two stages of competence or learning, which is an explanation of how people learn something. It progresses from developing a

39、skill in an area but having to concentrate on it, to the second stage, in which people are so good at the skill that it just comes naturally. Ill explain the terms further to help you understand a little better.,understand a little better. Conscious competence refers to an individuals understanding

40、or knowledge of doing something. However, demonstrating the skill or knowledge requires a great deal of conscious concentration. Heres an example: when you first start to learn typing on a computer keyboard, you have to work hard at hitting the right keys without being bothered by other things in or

41、der to get everything correct. Sometimes, you need to stop to talk with others. As a result, typing an article will take a long time, but you make few mistakes. However, when it comes to the stage of unconscious competence, an individual has mastered the skill so that it becomes second nature and ca

42、n be performed easily, often without concentrating too deeply. Lets go back to the same example. You are typing an article, but this time you dont have to think about where the keys are一you just type them automatically. Your typing speed is getting faster and faster, and youre able to talk to your f

43、riends without concentrating on the keyboard. Of course, typing errors may more frequently occur.,The professor takes one example to illustrate the difference between the conscious and unconscious competence. explain how this example is related to the reading passage. Competence is the ability to pe

44、rform a specific job well. It has two stages: the conscious and unconscious. Conscious competence is the first stage of learning which requires great concentration when demonstrating a skill. For example, when you start to learn typing, you have to concentrate on each key you hit. You dont want othe

45、rs to bother you and sometimes you have to stop when you talk to others. As a result though, your typing has few mistakes. However, when it comes to the second stage of learning, people have already mastered the skill and no longer concentrate as deeply. For r example, you dont have to look at the k

46、eyboard when you are typing an article because the skill has become second nature. So you can type faster than before and talk to your friends at the same time. However, sometimes errors are more likely to occur.,思路分析 在聽力時應(yīng)該留意聽的有三點： （1）男生或者女生遇到了什么樣的問題，記下最簡潔的關(guān)鍵詞 （2）另外一個人提出的第一個意見和詳細內(nèi)容 （3）提出的第二個意見和詳細內(nèi)容

47、,綜合口語Task 5,在準備時間里應(yīng)該著重于選擇傾向的一個建議，然后列出兩個理由,常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式 首先概括聽力里的內(nèi)容，即遇到了什么樣的問題及兩個建議 The man/woman has encountered a problem that. The problem of the man/woman is that. The first advice given is. while the second is. The man/woman posed 2 advices, the first one is., the second one is. There are 2 possible wa

48、ys to solve the problem. 之后再提出個人的觀點和理由 I prefer the first/second advice for the following reasons that. The first/second one is more reasonable that. The first/second one is better than the other, because. Although the first/second advice sounds reasonable, I believe that the other one is more suita

49、ble.,2009年10月18日 Man Hi, Mary. Summer is coming. Do you have any plans? Woman Well, Im about to apply for a summer job at a newspaper office. I wish I could work for a newspaper after graduation. Man Wow, it sounds like you have a good plan for your future. Woman But the problem isI have to submit m

50、y application before the deadline, which is noon tomorrow. But the office is way too far from school, and I dont know if I can get there on time. Man Oh, I understand. You probably want to drive there and deliver your application. I am sure you can submit your file before the deadline.,Woman Ha, no

51、doubt! But I just realized I have a review session tomorrow morning on campus. How could I make both at the same time? Man Yeah, your schedule is tricky. Perhaps theres another way一you can send your application by express mail. The express service always has a way to deliver your application on time

52、. So, feel free to attend your class tomorrow morning. You wont really miss anything important. Woman Yeah, you know, Ive dreamed about this opportunity. After graduation, when Im looking for work, any employer will definitely value my part-time newspaper experience. Sending my application by expres

53、s would be convenient and fast, but Im afraid that they would make a mistake by delivering the file late.,Preparation Time: 20 Seconds Response Time: 60 Seconds,Sample Answer: The woman is applying for a summer job at a newspaper office, and she has to submit the application before the deadline tomo

54、rrow. But the office is far away from her school, and she is afraid that she wont get there on time. The other student gives her two solutions. First, the woman can drive to deliver her application on the spot or she can send the file by express mail. Personally speaking, I prefer the second solution. The woman has a review session in the early morning next day, so she cant drive to deliver her file to the newspaper office. Express service, on the other hand, is the best way to cope with the problem, becau