1、課題名稱閱讀理解與閱讀表達(dá)專題（一）閱讀理解能力測(cè)試的主要要求是：1讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。2既理解具體的事實(shí)，也理解抽象的概念。3既理解字面的意思，也理解深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度，意圖等。4既理解某句，某段的含義，也理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。5既能根據(jù)所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)去理解。根據(jù)這五項(xiàng)要求，我們可將閱讀理解多項(xiàng)選擇題歸納為以下幾種題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題，詞句理解題，主題、主旨題，猜測(cè)詞義題，推理判斷題。下面是做英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略。一、 先看題干，帶著問題讀文章。即先看試題，再讀文章。閱讀題干，首先要掌握問題的類型

2、，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題?？陀^信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對(duì)文章的感情基調(diào)，作者未加陳述的觀點(diǎn)以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，這類題必須經(jīng)過對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對(duì)整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類題材的理解。二、 速讀全文，了解大意知主題。閱讀的目的是獲取信息。一個(gè)人的閱讀能力的高低決定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信

3、息。閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個(gè)方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。沒有一定的閱讀速度就不能順利地輸入信息，更談不上運(yùn)用英語。近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鐘40個(gè)詞左右?？忌仨氃谑钟邢薜臅r(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭和結(jié)尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章的主題句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章主題句就是文章的第一句。當(dāng)然也有些文章沒有主題句，需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用，主旨大意題，歸

4、納概括題，中心思想題往往直接可從主題句中找到答案。 試試看，你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎？The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand

5、in zoo gift shops.不難看出，文章的第一句是主題句，后面的句子都圍繞這個(gè)句子展開。三、 詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理順?biāo)悸放c文章脈絡(luò)。文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開故事；論述體則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點(diǎn)。你可根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語，運(yùn)用畫圖列表法，勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知圖。例如：SEFC 3A Feed the World(2)本文通過四個(gè)不同的國家和地區(qū)，總結(jié)了世界饑荒的主要原因。運(yùn)用圖表

6、，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和思路就一目了然了。Reasons for world hungerIn EU: 1) Food is bought from farmers and thrown away.2) Farmers are paid not to grow crops.In India: Most land is owned by rich land owners.In less developed countries: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops.In western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle.四

7、、 邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。在實(shí)際閱讀中，有時(shí)作者并未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓義。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題（中心思想，加標(biāo)題等）和推理判斷題，是閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文；要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想象，隨意揣測(cè)；它要求讀者對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基礎(chǔ)。推理題在提問中常用的詞有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate

8、等。例如高考題：AnnealingAnnealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been anneal

9、ed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used

10、 on other material, such as glass.1. Why do people put hot metal in water?A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft.C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on _.A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metalC. the softness of the

11、metal D. the timing of the operation3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、答案為A，此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把

12、金屬加熱，然后迅速放到水里冷卻，也就會(huì)變得非常硬，但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨的客觀結(jié)果，故選A而不選D。B項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。2、答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時(shí)間的選擇。本答案的依據(jù)是5和6兩句，The metal is heated,length of time., The longerthe softer it becomes. cool 的時(shí)間是可以控制的，時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結(jié)論：在退火過程中，金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短影響的。3、答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到metal

13、。最后一句說退火工藝同樣可用于象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知annealing就是先heat后cool slowly。由此推斷C是正確的。五、 猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)順藤摸瓜，通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。a. 定義法如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予

14、annealing 以明確的定義，即退火。It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is , it will break easily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是脆的意思。The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為牧人。b 同位法如：They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large

15、building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即城堡。We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是夜班的意思。c. 對(duì)比法She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。

16、后半句的意思是她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向準(zhǔn)時(shí)的結(jié)論。d. 構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞， 據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是可能性。e. 因果法The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the

17、player could never play the sport again.從后面的結(jié)果永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)中，可以推測(cè) permanent 的意思為永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的。六、 養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣，潛移默化結(jié)碩果。良好的閱讀習(xí)慣：1、養(yǎng)成默讀習(xí)慣，使注意力集中的文字符號(hào)上，糾正唇讀，心讀，喉讀等做法，以免分散精力，影響閱讀速度。2、克服指讀、回視、重讀等不良習(xí)慣，因?yàn)檫@樣容易使理解只停留在某個(gè)詞或句子上，使獲得的信息支離破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心詞，從一個(gè)句子快速地掃視到另一個(gè)句子，進(jìn)行連貫性理解。如：Would you like to do some shopping together with me? I

18、f you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it.這個(gè)句子，只要掃視劃線的核心詞，其語義就基本上清楚了。英語閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的復(fù)雜過程，要養(yǎng)成每天閱讀英語的習(xí)慣，循序漸進(jìn)，持之以恒，精泛結(jié)合，廣泛獵奇。在潛移默化中你會(huì)感覺到你的閱讀能力又有了長(zhǎng)足的提高。下面就讓我們一試身手As China develops，the Internets presence is inescapableBut some get addicted to the Internet13-year-old Xiao Yi paid a high pric

19、e for itHe rode an elevator to the top of a 24-storey building and t hen jumped to his deathHis suicide note explained he wanted to enter another life to meet the characters from the online games he played constantly，sometimes days in a row“He had fl kind of fixation”Xiao Yis father says“He threw hi

20、mself in to an imaginary world” Internet addiction got attention in China when stories such as Xiao Yis popped up in China state-run pressInternet addicts died from exhaustion after spending days online or murdered others in search of virtual(虛幻的)possessionsPublic anger over these incidents spurred

21、the opening of Chinas first Internet addiction treatment center The clinics treatment might seem cruelBut its a popular choice for worried parents “Ever since our doors opened，every bed has been full” says the centers director20 at a time come for medical treatment and counseling(咨詢)They are also ke

22、pt busy with activities，designed to take their attention away from the attraction of computers “Im confident this will work or I would not have come hereexplains t his college studentCritics are not so sureSome argue the government is exaggerating(夸大的)concerns about Internet addiction as an excuse t

23、o ban Internet cafes and game sitesBut for Chinas estimated 2 million Internet addicts，the temptation of the wired(怪誕的)world is a real problem.1The best title of the passage may be AChina opens addiction treatment centers BChina battles Web addiction CChina bans Internet cafes and game sites DChina designs to take teenagers away from the temptation of computers2According to the first paragraph，Xiao Yi killed himself because Ahe was unable to continue with his studies Bhe thought he could play computer games in another world Che thought