1、Lead-in,The background picture is the whole cosmoskzms/universe (宇宙).,What do you know about it?,Its the Galaxy(銀河系).,Theyre planets(行星) and stars(恒星).,Its the black hole.,Its the solar system. Can you enumeratenju:mret(列舉) the planets?,，,History of the Universe,Unit 4,Astronomy : the Science of the

2、 Stars,Science Subjects,Physics Chemistry Biology Geology Mathematics,Medicine Biochemistry Geophysics Astronomy,Warming up,Hawking and his theories,Can you name them in English?,Mercury m:kjri,Venus vins,Earth,Mars,Jupiterdu:pt(r),Saturnst:n,Uranusjrns,Neptuneneptju:n,Plutoplu:tu ,The Sun,The Solar

3、 System,A Black Hole,The Moon,The Big Bang,Atom,The Globe Our Earth,Atmosphere (大氣層),Reading,1. Fast Reading, and analyze its structure. Write down the main idea for each paragraph.,Answer key for question 1:,Paragraph 1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe. Paragraph 2: The

4、 formation of water for life. Paragraph 3: The importance of water for life. Paragraph 4: The development of plants and animals on the earth. Paragraph 5: The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.,3. Detailed Reading: Read the text loudly for a second time and then complete the fills in t

5、he following pictures according to the evolution(進化，演變) order of life on the earth.,Answer key for question 3:,small plants in water shellfish and all sorts of fish green plants on land insects (on land) amphibians (on land and in water) forests reptiles (on land) dinosaurs (on land) mammals (on lan

6、d),Explanation,天文學 n. Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.,1. astronomy,相關短語 radar astronomy 雷達天文學 radio astronomy 電波(無線電)天文學,2. star,(1)名詞 (pl. stars) 1）星,恒星;(日、月等)天體;星形物; 2）星號;(表示等級等的)星級;星形勛章, 如： While in Taipei she stayed at a four star hote

7、l. 她在臺北逗留期間住在一家四星級旅館。 3）命運;星象 4）(電影、體育等的)明星,杰出人物 His wish to become a football star has come true. 他想當足球明星的愿望實現(xiàn)了。,(2)動詞（及物） ( starred; starred; starring) 1）用星形物裝飾 2）用星號標出 3）使成明星,由.主演 Yesterday we saw a film starring Charlie Chaplin. 昨天我們看了一部查理卓別林主演的電影。 3. 動詞（不及物） ( starred; starred; starring) 1）當明星,

8、主演。如： She has starred in some thirty films. 她主演過大約30部影片。,star,2）表現(xiàn)出色 。如： He didnt star at that job. 那份工作他干得并不出色。 (4) 形容詞 1）星的;星形的 2）明星的,主角的 3）出色的,優(yōu)秀的。如： Tony is the star player on our team. 托尼是我隊的主力。,star,3. globe,（1） 名詞 (pl. globes) 1) 球;球狀物 2) 地球儀;地球。如： This plant can grow in many parts of the glo

9、be. 這種植物能在地球上的許多地方生長。 3) 眼球 （2） 動詞（不及物） ( globed; globed; globing) 成球狀 （3） 動詞（及物） ( globed; globed; globing) 使成球狀,Then are you clear now about the evolution of life?,When the dust settled into a solid globe, the earth was so violent.,The Evolution of Life on the earth,i:vlu:n,plzk,meszk,si:nzuik,She

10、llfish,Amphibian,Reptile Dinosaur,Primitive(原始的) People,Language Points,1. What it was to become was uncertain(when the dust settled into a solid globe).,be to do的用法 (1)be to do.用于第一人稱疑問句中，表示征求對方意見。如： Am I to go on with the work？要我繼續(xù)這項工作嗎？ What are we to do next？我們下一步該怎么辦？ (2)表示按約定、計劃，或即將發(fā)生的動作，這是將來時

11、的一種用法。如： They are to pay a visit to the teacher together at 10 am. tomorrow. 他們約定明天上午10點一起去看這位老師。,be,be,We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon. 我們今天下午4點在車站見面。 (3)表示必須或應該，在意義上等于must，should，ought to 或have to。如： You are to finish the work before five this afternoon. 你們必須在今天下午五點以前完成這項任務。 T

12、his medicine is to be taken three times a day. 這種藥一天要服三次。 (4)用來表示注定要發(fā)生或不可避免要發(fā)生的事。如： His theory was to change the views on the universe.,Language Points,1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth

13、s atmosphere.,loud, aloud, loudly 這三個副詞詞義很接近，但含義有所不同。 aloud 的意思是“出聲地、高聲地”，強調能讓人聽得見。如： Read aloud so that we can all hear you. 讀大點聲，以便我們大家都能聽見你。 They are shouting aloud. 他們在大聲感叫。,loud 意思是“大聲地、高聲地、響亮地”，強調聲音響亮。常與動詞speak, talk, say, laugh等連用。如： Dont talk so loud. 講話聲音不要這么大。 Facts speak louder than words

14、. 事實勝于雄辯。 loudly 的意思是“高聲地”，有時可與loud通用，但含有“喧鬧”的意味。如： Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人在大聲敲門。 Dont talk so loudly/loud. 說話聲音不要這么大。 在現(xiàn)代英語中有時在并不喧鬧的場合也用loudly. 如： Will you please read the text loudly? 你能不能大聲讀這篇課文？,explode 1)（使某物）炸開，爆炸。如： The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.,2

15、)（指感情）激發(fā)。如： I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter. 3)（指人口）突然或迅速增加。如： Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population. explosion n. 爆炸（聲） explosive adj. 爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n. 炸藥，爆炸物 in time (for sth./to do sth.): 最終；及時，如 She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她會及時趕回來準備晚飯。,3.

16、 What many science believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve gases and acids which are harmful to the plants into the oceans and seas.,allow v. 允許、許可、容許 allow + n ./ pron. / doing allow sb. to do sth. be allowed to do sth.,2.continuous 連續(xù)不斷的（強調一個動作沒有間斷過）continual

17、反復的，頻繁的（強調一個動作在某個時期反復出現(xiàn)）continued和continuing可以互換，都表示“連續(xù)不斷的”“繼續(xù)不變的”，但是它們只能用于名詞前?？偟膩碚f，其差異正逐漸消失，特別是continual亦含有continuous相同的意義，尤指不愉快的事：Life was a continual struggle for them. 生活對他們來說是不斷的掙扎。,Present1 presence n.出席，到場，存在形容詞 a. 1.出席的,在場的How many people were present at the meeting? 到會的有多少人? 2.現(xiàn)在的,當前的Im not

18、 at all satisfied with the present situation. 我對目前的情況一點都不滿意。,名詞 n. 1.現(xiàn)在,目前There is no time like the present. 機不可失,時不再來。 present2名詞 n. 1.禮物,贈品CHe often gave his neighbors kids little presents. 他常常送些小禮物給鄰居的孩子。,Present3 presentation n.授予，頒發(fā)，呈現(xiàn)及物動詞 vt. 1.贈送,呈獻(+to/with)They presented him with a bunch of

19、 flowers. 他們獻給他一束鮮花。 2.引起(問題),造成(困難)(+to/with)All this presented new safety problems. 所有這些都造成了新的安全問題。,3.提出,提交,呈遞(+to)Some 300 papers were presented at the conference. 會上提出了大約三百篇論文。 4.呈現(xiàn);描述;出示(+to)He had to present a smiling face though heavy-hearted. 雖然憂心忡忡,但他還得露出一副笑容。,My father doesnt allow smoking

20、 at home. In fact he doesnt allow us to smoke anywhere at any time. 父親不允許在家里吸煙。實際上，他不允許我們在任何地方任何時候吸煙。 Are we allowed to use the computer? 我們可以用電腦么？ be harmful to 對有害 do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 傷害某人，對某人有害處 1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals. 2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.,4. They

21、produced young generally by laying eggs.,Its generally believed that一般認為 generally speaking 一般而言，概括來說 1) Its generally believed that girls work harder than boys do. 2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men. by doing用于說明做某事的手段、方式。如： I dont think she can help him by just giving him money.

22、 我認為她光靠給錢是幫不了他的。,5. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.,阻止某人做某事 : prevent sb. (from) doing sth. stop sb. (from) doing sth. keep sb. from doing sth. 1) We must prevent them from making trouble. 2) You should preven

23、t the child from injuring himself. If nothing prevents, 如果沒有什么阻礙的話 , ,6. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.,depend on : 相信，信賴, 依靠,依賴, 視而定，取決于,Depend on it. 沒問題，請放心（句末或句首） That /It (all) depends. 那得看情況而定. 1) Depend

24、on it, youll succeed. 2) He may support me, but it depends .,賓語從句可以分為三類 (1).動詞的賓語從句 1.1 大多數(shù)位于動詞后面 Eg：I hope you can join us in the game. 1.2 有些是“動詞+副詞”后 Find out / point out / figure out / turn out/ figure out Eg： Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem? 1.3 有些動詞短語后面 Make sure / m

25、ake up ones mind / keep in mind Eg; we should keep in mind that sports can be a great boost to our health.,(2) it 作形式賓語代替賓語從句 第一類動詞; find/ feel/ think/ consider/ make / believe/ guess/ suppose /assume等后面有賓語不足語時，需要用it 作形式賓語而將that引導的真正的賓語從句后置。 Eg： I think it necessary that we do some sporting. 第二類動詞 帶

26、賓語從句時需要在從句前面加it。 這類詞：hate / like/ dislike/ appreciate/ depend on/ see to / Eg: I hate it when they talk without considering others feeling.,7. I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.,cheer up 歡呼；喝彩；感到高興；使高

27、興。如： The crowd cheered up when they saw the teams arrive. 觀眾看到運動隊進場時歡聲雷動。 He took her to the concert to cheer her up. 為使她高興起來，他帶她去聽音樂會。,Astronomerstrnm(r)astronautstrn:t,watch do /doing 觀看；注視。 如： We watched the sun setting behind the trees. Evening fell. 我們看著太陽一點點地落在樹后，夜幕降臨了。 Every day as they watch

28、ed the plant grow, their hearts were filled with hope. 他們每天都在觀察這棵植物生長，心里充滿了希望。,Weigh 1.表示“稱的重量”,是及物動詞,如： He weighed the fish.他稱了這條魚.Do you often weigh yourself?你經常稱體重嗎? 2.表示“重(多少)”,是不及物動詞 He weighs 60 kilos.他體重60公斤. The meat weighs five pounds.這肉重五磅.,2.比較 by weight / in weight：前者表示“按重量”,后者表示“重量上”.如：

29、Do they charge carriage by weight?他們是按重量收取運費嗎?Its smaller in size but greater in weight.它體積比較小,但分量比較重. 3.對重量提問,特殊疑問詞用How much?or How heavy?What is the weight of . How much it weighs? What=how much do you weigh? What is the weight of the baby?,倍數(shù)的表達方式共：四種1.表示“幾倍大?。ㄩL短；數(shù)量）”,由“倍數(shù)+ the size（length,amount

30、）”結構組成.例如：The earth is forth-nine times the size of the moon.地球是月亮的49倍大. 2.表示“比大幾倍”,由“倍數(shù)+形容詞（副詞）比較級”結構組成.例如：This box is three times bigger than that one.這個盒子比那個盒子大三倍.The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年糧食產量增加8%.,3.表示“是倍”,由“倍數(shù)+ as +形容詞+ as +”結構組成.例如：Our factory

31、is twice as big as theirs.我們的工廠是他們的三倍.I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多.注 一倍用once,兩倍用 twice. 4、還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍.The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年糧食產量增加了4倍.,9. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity incr

32、eased.,此處的amazed是過去分詞作狀語。過去分詞經?？梢宰鳡钫Z，這是一種特定用法。如： He came in unnoticed. 他神不知鬼不覺地走了進來。 Many heroes lie buried in the churchyard. 許多英雄埋葬在教堂的墓地里。 break out （戰(zhàn)爭，爭吵，疾病等）爆發(fā)。如： A quarrel broke out suddenly at midnight. 半夜，（他們）突然大吵起來。,8. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravi

33、ty has changed.”,Now that : 既然，由于。如： Now that everybody is here, we can begin the meeting.,10. the Paleozoic era: 古生代，是地質時代的第三個代（第一、第二代分別是太古代和元古代）。約5.44億年前至2.48億年前. the Mesozoic era: 中生代，包括：三疊紀、侏羅紀、白堊紀。 the Cenozoic era: 新生代，約開始于6500萬年前，現(xiàn)仍在持續(xù)。,11. Big Bang: 宇宙大爆炸理論,Learning about Language,1. Words,a

34、stronomy, atmosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend, exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, mass,Use the correct prefix or suffix for

35、 each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.,presence,violence,confidence,difference,patience,uncertain,unfair,unpaid,unlike,unkind,-(en)ce,un-,cultural,global,universal,agricultral,mathematical,artist,phsicist,chemist,biologist,scientist,-al,-ist,2. Expressions,sol

36、ar system, in time, now that, prevent.from, depend on, cheer up, get the hang of, break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, carbon dioxide, watch out, block out,Complete each of the sentences with a suitable word or phrase in the correct form.,surface, explode, develop, prevent, float, sprea

37、d, violent, astronomy, force, publish, disappoint, solid 1. The _ of gravity makes things fall to the earth. 2. The robbers kicked the door _ and broke into the stars house. 3. Nothing can separate the two, because they have a _ friendship foundation. 4. In World War II, two atomic bombs _ in Japan,

38、 killing a large number of people. 5. With the _ of our countrys economy, peoples living standard has been greatly raised.,force,violently,solid,exploded,development,6. More than 70% of the earths _ is covered by water. 7. In the last few years the city has _ out rapidly in all directions. 8. That h

39、e failed the examination _ his lover very much. 9. They _ the canoe out into the middle of the river. 10. Mark Twain _ a lot of popular novels in that _ firm.,spread,disappointed,floated,surface,published,publishing,1.他以前是靠畫畫為生的。 He used to _his living _. 2.爆竹在他手里爆炸了，他傷得很嚴重。 The firework _ and he hu

40、rt seriously. 3.鄉(xiāng)村生活與都市生活是非常不同的。 Country life is_ city life. 4.瑪麗之所以沒有通過這次考試，是因為她此前病了兩個星期。 Mary _ in the exam, _she had been ill for two weeks.,Complete the following sentences.,5. 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是年爆發(fā)的。 World War II _in 1939. 6.我擔心是否傷害了她。 I worry _ I hurt her feelings. 7.為使她高興起來，她丈夫帶她去聽音樂會。 Her husband took

41、 her to the concert _. 8.他們乘坐宇宙飛船穿越太空到月球上去。 They _ to the moon in a spaceship. 9.天上有朵朵白云。 There were _ white clouds in the sky.,1. He used to make/earn his living by painting. 2. The firework exploded in his hand and he hurt seriously. 3. Country life is quite different from city life. 4. Mary faile

42、d in the exam. This was because she had been ill for two weeks. 5. World War II broke out in 1939. 6. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 7. Her husband took her to the concert to cheer her up. 8. They traveled through space to the moon in a spaceship. 9. There were masses of white clouds in

43、the sky.,Answer Key:,3. Grammar Noun Clauses as the subject,做主語用的名詞性從句，因其在復合句中做主語，又稱主語從句(Noun Clauses as the subject) ，引導主語從句的有從屬連詞that、whether，連接代詞who、what、which，連接副詞when、where、how、why等。 1. 連接詞： 1）從屬連詞：that， whether等. that 引導主語從句只起引導作用，本身無實際意義，在主語從句中不充當任何成分，但不能省略。 That she left him cut him to the h

44、eart. That he will come is certain.,由whether及其他連詞引導的主語從句放在句首，句后都可。 Whether it will please them is not easy to say. It doesnt matter too much whether shes coming or not. 2)連接代詞who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others. Which side will win

45、is not clear. 3)連接副詞when，where， how， why等。 Why he did it remains a mystery. When they will start is not known yet. How he became a great scientist is known to us all.,2. 位置：主語從句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末，常用下面幾種句型。 1）It + be + 表語 +主語從句 表語：（名詞， 形容詞，過去分詞） It is a pity that we cant go. It is no surp

46、rise that our team should have won the game. It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. It is true that I told her everything. It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth sa

47、tellite into orbit.,2）It+不及物動詞或短語+主語從句 It seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that It happens that they were absent. It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 3） It+及物動詞（被

48、動語態(tài)）+主語從句 It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays. 注意: 主語從句在句首時，必須由連接詞引導，不能省略這些連接詞；但是如果用it做形式主語，而把,主語從句放在句末時，從屬連詞that可以省略。 誤：They should like each other is natural. 正：That they should like each other is natural. 正：It is natural that they should like each other. 4)如果主語從句放在句首，

49、不能用if引導，但是如果用it 做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，也可以用if引導. 誤：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful. 正：Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful 正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.,1._ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 2._ well go camping tomorrow depen

50、ds on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 3._is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who,語法專項練習,Choose the best option.,4._well finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That 5._he wont go there is clear to a

51、ll of us. A. How B. What C. Why D. This 6._the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrows meeting. A. If B. Where C. That D. What 7._you come or not is up to you. A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether,8._makes mistakes must correct them. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody 9._ we go swimming ev

52、ery day _ us a lot of good. A. If.do B. That.do C. If.does D. That.does 10.It _ Bob drives badly. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that 11.Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how,12._ the boy didnt take medicine made his mother angry

53、. A. That B. What C. How D. Which 13._ we cant get seems better than _ we have. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 14._ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 15._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Wher

54、e,輕松一刻,Report about Alien,Using Language,Listen to the tape and answer the questions 2 on page 30.,1. Listening,Isaac Newton,In pairs discuss the three scientists and their ideas on gravity.,Albert Einstein,Stephen Hawking,Isaac Newton（16431727） was the greatest English mathematician of his generati

55、on. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known.,AlbertEinstein (1879 1955) was a theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. E

56、instein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physicsfor his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.,Stephen Hawking（1942） is a British theoretical physicist. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity

57、, especially in the context of black holes.,2. Reading, Speaking,Read the passage and imagine what you need if you travel to the moon. Dont forget to use the expressions as follows:,表指示（instructions),Please pay attention to Please check that Please look at Make sure that Dont forget to Watch out for

58、 You need Youd better You must/mustnt,3. Writing,Then write a short article explaining one of the problems that you might have on the moon. Set out what you should do to overcome this difficulty and have a happy visit.,Summing Up,重點單詞：system, theory, violent, unlike, harmful, exist, puzzle, pull, now that,重點短語： in time, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, preventfrom, cheer up, , break out, watch out,