1、基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成,1. mRNA(信使RNA） Messenger RNAs-are the nucleic acids that record information from DNA in the cell nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes and are known as messenger RNAs (mRNA). （功能：作為編碼蛋白質(zhì)中氨基酸的模板）,2.rRNA (核糖體RNA）Ribosomal RNAs-exist outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm of a cell in structur

2、es called ribosomes Ribosomes are small, granular structures where protein synthesis takes place. Each ribosome is a complex consisting of about 60% ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 40% protein. (功能：核糖體的 組成結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分）,3. tRNA (轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)RNA）Transfer RNAs-The function of transfer RNAs (tRNA) is to deliver amino acids on

3、e by one to protein chains growing at ribosomes. （功能：轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)氨基酸）,Translation is the process by which the genetic messages carried by mRNA are decoded and used to build proteins in the cytoplasm,1.Station cytoplasm,2.Templet mRNA,3.Material amino acids,4.Products proteins,A set of three nucleotide bases o

4、n an mRNA molecule is called a codon.,.(翻譯是在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中進(jìn)行的。它是指以信使RNA為模板，合成具有一定氨基酸順序的蛋白質(zhì)的過(guò)程。）,(場(chǎng)所；細(xì)胞質(zhì)),( 模板：信使RNA),(原料：氨基酸),( 產(chǎn)物：蛋白質(zhì)),(信使RNA上決定一個(gè)氨基酸的三個(gè)相鄰的堿基叫一個(gè)密碼子）,1. Each codon specifies a single amino acid .For example,CGC encodes arg.(一個(gè)密碼子編碼一個(gè)氨基酸，例如CGC編碼精氨酸）,2.大多數(shù)氨基酸有多個(gè)密碼子，例如，GUU，GUA都編碼纈氨酸,3.AUG（編碼甲硫氨酸）

5、為起始密碼子，翻譯從此密碼子開(kāi)始，少數(shù)起始密碼子為GUG,4.UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子，不編碼任何氨基酸），翻譯到次終止,1.Initiation AUG,GUG（起始密碼子）,2.Stop UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子）,3.One codon decides one amino acid一個(gè)密碼子決定一個(gè)氨基酸,4. one amino acid may have many codons一個(gè)氨基酸可有多個(gè)密碼子,Protein synthesis occurs in three stages: Initiation, Elongation and Termination.(

6、蛋白質(zhì)的合成包括三個(gè)步驟：起始，延長(zhǎng)，終止),1. Initiation(起始) mRNA attaches to the ribosome.(mRNA與核糖體結(jié)合）,A set of three nucleotide bases on a tRNA molecule is called an anticodon(反密碼）,DNA bases=RNA base =3 amino acid,Questions,1.For the DNA strand 5-TACGATCATAT-3 the correct complementary DNA strand is: A.3-TACGATCATAT-

7、5 B.3-ATGCTAGTATA-5 C. 3-AUGCUAGUAUA-5 D. 3-GCATATACGCG-5 E. 3-TATACTAGCAT-5,2.In the Meselson-Stahl DNA replication experiment, if the cells were first grown for many generations in N-15 containing media, and then switched to N-14 containing media, what percent of the DNA had 1 light strand and 1 h

8、eavy strand after 2 generations of growth in N-14 growth media? A.0 B.25 C.50 D.75 E.100,B,C,3.Three types of RNA involved in comprising the structural and functional core for protein synthesis, serving as a template(模板) for translation, and transporting amino acid, respectively, are: A mRNA, tRNA,

9、rRNA B rRNA, tRNA, mRNA C tRNA, mRNA, rRNA D tRNA, rRNA, mRNA E rRNA, mRNA ,tRNA,4.A messenger RNA is 336 nucleic acids, including the initiator and termination codons. The number of amino acids in the protein translated from this mRNA is: A 999 B 630 C 330 D 111 E 110,E,D,5.With what mRNA codon wou

10、ld the tRNA in the diagram be able to form a codon-anticodon base pairing interaction? 3-AUG-5 B. 3-GUA-5 C. 3-CAU-5 D. 3-UAC-5 E. 3-UAG-5,A,; 重慶夜場(chǎng)招聘 重慶夜總會(huì)招聘 重慶ktv招聘 orz14msr 頭說(shuō)：“我看不見(jiàn)的！她只不過(guò)是南方人一個(gè)，習(xí)慣了包三鮮餃子罷了！”次日一早，李老鄉(xiāng)夫婦倆又和去年的八月十五節(jié)一樣，大清早的就來(lái)敲耿正兄妹三人租住小院兒的門兒了。不過(guò)，他們今年只提來(lái)了一些上好的月餅和各色新鮮瓜果。李老鄉(xiāng)說(shuō)：“我告訴你們嬸子，英侄女兒已

11、經(jīng)和好餡兒醒上面團(tuán)了，中午也只做一個(gè)大雜燴菜，不用急著早來(lái)的。但她卻說(shuō)，她還得跟英侄女兒學(xué)學(xué)怎么做大雜燴菜呢，因此還必須得早來(lái)！”耿英趕快接過(guò)他們手里提著的月餅和瓜果，說(shuō)：“我說(shuō)叔叔嬸子啊，你們?cè)趺窗堰@些也買來(lái)了?。靠爝M(jìn)屋里吧！”李妻說(shuō)：“知道你們肯定準(zhǔn)備了午飯的食材了，所以我們只買了這些賞月的東西。和那邊買的一模一樣，你們就在這邊賞月吧，省得跑遠(yuǎn)路了呢！只是，要早點(diǎn)兒歇息??！”耿英感激地說(shuō)：“放心吧嬸子，我們每天晚上都是讀一會(huì)兒書才歇息的呢！”耿正和耿直過(guò)來(lái)從耿英手里接過(guò)東西，和李老鄉(xiāng)一起進(jìn)了廳房。耿英則和李妻直接進(jìn)了廚房。耿英先給李妻看看和好的餡兒和醒上的面團(tuán)，笑著說(shuō)：“今兒個(gè)咱們吃羊肉餃

12、子吧。不知道您可愛(ài)吃不？”李妻高興地說(shuō)：“我愛(ài)吃得很，就是懶得剁肉，才總愛(ài)和那種三鮮餡兒的！”又說(shuō)：“你快教給嬸子怎么做大雜燴菜吧，我真不會(huì)做呢。記得以前你們叔叔也經(jīng)常說(shuō)想吃，我就稀里糊涂地煮了給他吃過(guò)幾次，但是他說(shuō)那雜燴菜不是他們老家的味道，我以后也就不再做了。”耿英笑著說(shuō)：“其實(shí)啊，做這個(gè)忒容易了，比您做那些個(gè)精致的南方菜不知道要容易多少倍呢！”然后，耿英就將備好的菜料一一告訴李妻，說(shuō)給她先放什么，后放什么，應(yīng)該用哪些個(gè)調(diào)料，需要放多少水，要掌握什么樣的火候，等等。李妻認(rèn)真地記在心里，說(shuō)：“我學(xué)會(huì)了做這個(gè)，最受益的就是你們叔叔了。我以后可以多給他做這個(gè)菜吃，省得他的嘴巴受委屈！”耿英笑著說(shuō)：“嬸子啊，您可真是一個(gè)好妻子，叔叔他有福氣?。　崩钇扌腋５匦α?，悄悄地說(shuō)：“他是一個(gè)大好人，能嫁給他也是我的福氣呢！”一上午的時(shí)間一晃就過(guò)去了。當(dāng)大家都圍上飯桌的時(shí)候，李妻端上了一大盤子香噴噴的大雜燴菜和對(duì)角四大盤子小巧精致的水餃。李妻笑著說(shuō)：“我今兒個(gè)上午時(shí)間寬余得很，所以特意包了小小的餃子。只是，沒(méi)