1、英語(yǔ)測(cè)試?yán)碚撆c實(shí)踐,第五講 語(yǔ)法 從句,第一節(jié) 從屬分句,復(fù)合句 （complex sentence）: 由一個(gè)主句（principal clause）和一個(gè)以上的從屬分句（subordinate clause）構(gòu)成。,名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句,一、狀語(yǔ)從句,主要功能是作主句的狀語(yǔ)，由完整的主謂句構(gòu)成。 1.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 though, although, even if/though引導(dǎo) ， Mr. Wells is scarce

2、ly in sympathy with the working class. (2005) A Although he is socialist B Even if he is a socialist C Being a socialist D Since he is a socialist,2.as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句須將表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞原型提到as前，如果動(dòng)詞或現(xiàn)在分詞放在句首，謂語(yǔ)要補(bǔ)加助動(dòng)詞如do/does/did,will等。 Fail as he did, he would never give up. 作表語(yǔ)用的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞放在句首時(shí)，該名詞前不加冠詞。 Fo

3、ol as Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. as從句的主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，主謂不需倒裝；如果主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，則需要倒裝。 Difficult as it was, they finished it in time. Difficult as was the work, they finished it in time.,Fool Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing. (2010) A who B as C like D that,(3).while 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 while 表示

4、“盡管、雖然”時(shí)，可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，這時(shí)while表達(dá)并列的轉(zhuǎn)折，即主句與從句的動(dòng)作是同一時(shí)間發(fā)生的。While引導(dǎo)的從句通常放到主句前。 I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties. (2001) A As long as B As C While D Even,(4).no matter how與however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 No matter與疑問(wèn)詞what, when, where, how連用，或上述疑問(wèn)詞加 ever, 都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，兩者基本可以互換。

5、No matter how/However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. No matter what/Whatever you do, I wont tell you my secret.,the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay. (2009) A Whatever B Whenever C Whichever D However,比較狀語(yǔ)從句 一般由as 和than 引導(dǎo) It is easier than I

6、thought. I havent done as much as I should have liked.,條件狀語(yǔ)從句 If, unless, provided/providing(that), so/as long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing (that), in the event that, whether or not This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated. (2000) A after B if C since D unless

7、,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)詞：when, after,as 等 1. when與while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 When 表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”，指一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（段）的動(dòng)作；while表示“在同時(shí)”，只能表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，不能表示一段時(shí)間的或短暫的動(dòng)作。 While Tom was reading, Jack was writing. When he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause.,2. Hardly/Scarcelywhen 和 No soonerthan（一就）引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于as soon as; Hardly

8、/Scarcely 和 No sooner后面用完成時(shí)，when,than 后面用過(guò)去時(shí)。 The couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left. (2009) A when B as C until D than,3.the minute/moment/day, the first/second/last time, each/every/next/time等都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 Next time you come to Beijing, you must visit the museum.,4. since表示“自從”，

9、從句要用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句完成時(shí)。 Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him.,Till/until表示“直到”,（till不能用于句首）用于肯定句時(shí)，主句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；否定句中，主句可用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 I will wait here until the concert is over. She cant leave until Friday.,5.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 1）so/suchthat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 So+adj./adv. a(an) Such+n.that 如此以至 在 many/few/little n.，只能用so

10、 So many people complained about the heavy traffic that the city government took measures at last.,2.with the result that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn, with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it.,6. 原

11、因狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)詞since, as, because; in that, on the grounds that Men differ from animals in that they can think and speak. He was elected as the President on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company.,7.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)詞 where, wherever, anywhere Ill take you anywhere you like. He said he was happy

12、 where he was.,8 方式狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)詞as I have changed it as you suggested. She did her work her manager had instructed. (2002) A as B until C when D though,Just as 和 much as 也可引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。 They tried to conceal this fact much as I did last year. 他們?cè)O(shè)法隱瞞事實(shí)，就像我去年做的那樣。 I cant help seeing things the way they do.,二、關(guān)

13、系從句 （定語(yǔ)從句）,1、限定性和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的主要區(qū)別 A.非限定性定于從句中，先行詞和關(guān)系代詞之間要有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 B. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句子不可或缺的部分，限定；非限定性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，翻譯時(shí)常譯作獨(dú)立的句子，而不是定語(yǔ)。 He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue. I no longer live in Beijing, where air pollution did great harm to my health.,2. which和that A. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省。 It

14、 is the only thing (that) we can do for you. B.先行詞是anyone,anybody,evryone,evrybody,someone,somebody 時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞多用who或whom Is there anyone here who can dance?,C.先行詞是不定代詞（all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everything）,只能用that引導(dǎo)。 Thats all (that) I could do at that moment. D.先行詞被形容

15、詞最高級(jí)或first, last,only,very,no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that, He is the only person that I dislike in our class. This is the very pen that you are looking for.,E.有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的先行詞兼指人和物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.,3.as 1).as和such, the same, as(so)連用，引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。 Suc

16、h people as wish to leave may do so now.,2) 引導(dǎo)非限定性定于從句時(shí)，as 和 which 的區(qū)別 A.as的位置較為靈活，可放在主句前、主句中、或者主句后；which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句后。 More American troops are being sent to the Middle East, as(which) I have learnt from the newspaper. The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Bell. B.as后如果是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的be動(dòng)詞可?。粀

17、hich后的be 動(dòng)詞同樣情況下則不可省。 Football and baseball, as played in the US today, are basically modifications of games that originated in England.,4. where 相當(dāng)于 in/at + which This company has now introduced a policy pay rises are related to performance at work. (1996) A. which B. where C whether D what,5.whose

18、 Whose 與名詞搭配使用時(shí)，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；whose 可以指人也可以指物。 The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.,6.結(jié)構(gòu)“介詞whom”或“which+不定式短語(yǔ)” 二者作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。 She is a pleasant girl with whom to work. She is a pleasant girl to work with.,三、名詞性從句,名詞性從句指在一個(gè)句子中起名詞性作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。它可以在主從復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序使用陳述語(yǔ)序。,

19、1.同位語(yǔ)從句 A. news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，knowledge,problem,belief, certainty,concept,conclusion,information,statement,probability, answer,discovery,evidence,explanation,impression, 同位于從句多用that引導(dǎo)，疑問(wèn)代詞用who, which, what,疑問(wèn)副詞where, when, why, how,The news that he

20、has won the game is exciting. It is the question where we should have dinner. B.在結(jié)構(gòu)on the assumption that, on the condition that, despite the fact that, on the understanding that,etc中，也可以用同位語(yǔ)從句。,Jack lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month. There is no doubt the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned. (2011) A. w