1、Period Six ,Grammar & Writing,語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)&現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)題 如何寫(xiě)調(diào)查報(bào)告,欄目索引,語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)&現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.結(jié)構(gòu)由“have(has) been動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，可能剛剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。 We have been looking for you for an hour. 我們找了你一個(gè)小時(shí)。(動(dòng)作剛停止) She has been teaching English since she graduated. 她畢業(yè)后一直在教

2、英語(yǔ)。(動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行) We have been going over maths these days. 我們這些天一直在復(fù)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。(動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行),2.有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不是指某動(dòng)作一直在不停地進(jìn)行，而是表示一直到說(shuō)話為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一再重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常帶有感情色彩。 Shes been saying that twenty times. 那話她已經(jīng)說(shuō)了20遍了。 He has been calling on her several times this week. 他這個(gè)星期來(lái)看她好幾次。 Weve been having a lot of rain recently. 我們這里最

3、近雨水很多。,3.有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“剛才”或“近來(lái)”發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示直到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作到說(shuō)話時(shí)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，而且一般不再繼續(xù)下去；這種用法主要表示某一動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響。 Hes been working too hard. 他工作太辛苦了。 The girl has been playing with toys. 那個(gè)女孩一直在玩玩具。 You have been cleaning the classroom，I think. 我想你剛才在打掃教室。,答案,.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空 1.Dashan，who (learn) crosstalk，

4、the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(2016江蘇) 2.Marty (work) really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday.(2015陜西) 3.Since the time humankind started gardening，we (try) to make our environment more beautiful.(2014湖南

5、) 4.Tony，why are your eyes red? I (cut) up peppers for the last five minutes.(2014江西),高考鏈接1,has been learning,has been working,have been trying,have been cutting,.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2014遼寧，短文改錯(cuò)) _ 2.My teach

6、ers have been telling me how great my writing was.(2010全國(guó)I，短文改錯(cuò)) _,havehas,havehad,答案,二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)均可表示“從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)兩者可換用。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的主要差別有兩個(gè)：,1.多數(shù)情況下兩種時(shí)態(tài)不可換用 在表示“從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”這個(gè)概念時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)多用于口語(yǔ)。如果側(cè)重動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果側(cè)重動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性或者動(dòng)作仍然繼續(xù)下去時(shí)，由于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還帶有進(jìn)行時(shí)的持續(xù)性、暫時(shí)性和未完成性，這時(shí)宜采用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，而且不能與現(xiàn)在完

7、成時(shí)交換使用。 I have read this book. 我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。(動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成) Ive been reading this book. 我一直在讀這本書(shū)。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去),2.狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞、知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞或情感動(dòng)詞，例如：see，feel，know，love等，不可用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I have known him for years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)好幾年了。 不可說(shuō)成：I have been knowing him for years.,3.某些動(dòng)詞，例如：learn，lie，live，rain，sit，sleep，stand，study，wait，work等

8、本身就有持續(xù)性，故常用于帶有since或for的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，以及how long開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句中。 Ive been sleeping for at least 8 hours，yet I still feel tired. 我已經(jīng)睡了至少8個(gè)小時(shí)了，可還是覺(jué)得累。 How long have you been waiting here? 你在這兒等多久了。 以上的兩個(gè)句子也可以使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，可以說(shuō)Ive slept和have you waited。唯一的區(qū)別是，進(jìn)行時(shí)形式更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。,注意：(1)在強(qiáng)調(diào)指出動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，還要進(jìn)行下去時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，以避免使

9、人誤認(rèn)為動(dòng)作已經(jīng)全部完成。 Ive been writing the composition for two hours，but I havent finished it yet. 這篇作文我寫(xiě)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，但還沒(méi)寫(xiě)完。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作沒(méi)有結(jié)束，還要繼續(xù)寫(xiě)下去) I have been wanting to meet you for a long time. 和你見(jiàn)面是我盼望已久的事。,(2)有些動(dòng)詞，如live，play，rain，teach，study，wait等用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)并不表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，所以它們既可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久或帶有感情色彩時(shí)，用

10、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更好一些。 We have been playing football for nearly 3 hours. 我們已經(jīng)踢了近三個(gè)小時(shí)的足球了。 Lisa has always been studying hard. 莉莎學(xué)習(xí)總是非常努力。(贊許的感情色彩),(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也用來(lái)表示一種從以前到現(xiàn)在這個(gè)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的事。 I have always been thinking of her but I cant see her. 雖然我一直在想著她，但是我不能見(jiàn)她。,答案,.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空 1.I (read) half of the English nove

11、l，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2016北京) 2.In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat (cut).(2015重慶) 3.Where is Peter？I cant find him anywhere. He went to the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever since.(2015福建),高考鏈接2,have read,ha

12、s been cut,has been writing,答案,4.Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement _ (reach) so far by the two sides.(2015天津) 5.In the last few years，China (make) great achievements in environmental protection.(2015北京) 6.How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well，

13、the media (cover) it in a variety of forms.(2014江蘇) 7.The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody (see) them since.(2014大綱全國(guó)),has been reached,has made,have covered,has seen,答案,.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015全國(guó)I，短

14、文改錯(cuò)) _ 2.Hard work have made him very ill.(2013遼寧，短文改錯(cuò)) _ 3.I have been missing you very much after I went to college a year ago.(2012重慶，短文改錯(cuò)) _,刪除been,havehas,aftersince,答案,4.The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given way to a supermarket.(2009全國(guó)，短文改錯(cuò)) _,刪除been,.用所

15、給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空 1.You should go to bed.You (watch) TV for 5 hours. 2.Molly went to Japan last year.And I (not，hear) from her ever since. 3.I (look) for him everywhere.Where can he be? 4.They (help) us since five oclock this morning. 5.I _(work) in this school since I graduated from college.Now I am still

16、 working here.,答案,have been watching,havent heard,have been looking,have been helping,have been working,當(dāng)堂達(dá)標(biāo) 檢測(cè)鞏固,答案,6.Look！Somebody (clean) the sofa. Well，it wasnt me.I didnt do it. 7.My sister (stay) in Beijing for three months last year. 8.The little boy is dirty all over because he _ (play) in t

17、he mud all the morning. 9.He (read) in the library since it opened this morning. 10.Here he is！We (wait) anxiously for him since last night.,has cleaned,stayed,has been playing/has played,has been reading,have been waiting,.完成句子 1.一周來(lái)我一直盼著你的來(lái)信。 I your letter for a whole week. 2.我已經(jīng)等了一個(gè)小時(shí)了，可他還沒(méi)來(lái)。 I a

18、n hour and he still . 3.只要你把所有的窗戶擦完，你就可以玩了。 As long as you all the windows，you are allowed to play. 4.史密斯先生剛到香港。 Mr. Smith in Hong Kong. 5.整整一年你都在說(shuō)要出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。 You for a year that you will study abroad.,have been looking forward to,have been waiting for,hasnt turned up,have cleaned,has just arrived,have b

19、een saying,答案,返回,答案,本單元講的調(diào)查報(bào)告屬于應(yīng)用文的范疇，旨在將調(diào)查結(jié)果真實(shí)、詳細(xì)、有條理地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。有關(guān)調(diào)查報(bào)告的英文書(shū)面表達(dá)題目多以圖表作文的形式呈現(xiàn)。題目往往要求我們根據(jù)要求將圖表信息以文字的形式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)題 如何寫(xiě)調(diào)查報(bào)告,基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)撥,【文體指導(dǎo)】,1.結(jié)構(gòu)安排 根據(jù)所給圖表的數(shù)目及題目所要求呈現(xiàn)的信息的種類(lèi)等確定段落結(jié)構(gòu)。如“典題示例”要求對(duì)圖1的信息進(jìn)行描述，針對(duì)圖2中的一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況分析原因并發(fā)表個(gè)人看法，那么我們可以把段落確定為23個(gè)。以兩段為例，第一段描述圖1的信息，第二段針對(duì)圖2中的一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行具體分析，并發(fā)表個(gè)人看法。 2.開(kāi)篇 開(kāi)篇要明確地

20、指出所做調(diào)查的目的，這樣也就明確了調(diào)查報(bào)告所要傳達(dá)的是哪方面的信息。,3.主體段落 主體段落是呈現(xiàn)調(diào)查信息的段落，對(duì)于圖表類(lèi)調(diào)查報(bào)告而言，主體段落是最終實(shí)現(xiàn)圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的段落。寫(xiě)主體段落時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面： (1)圈定所要轉(zhuǎn)換的信息時(shí)，要在題目的具體要求下提取信息，并對(duì)信息進(jìn)行明確的分類(lèi)。 (2)重組信息時(shí)，要注意根據(jù)題目要求去確定信息表述的詳略，重要的信息要明確、詳細(xì)地說(shuō)明；一般的了解性信息一筆帶過(guò)即可。 (3)對(duì)所給信息的轉(zhuǎn)述要使用不同的表達(dá)方法，反映在文章中也就是要使用不同的詞、詞組、句型等。,4.末段 末段通常用于對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行總結(jié)，也就是根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果推出一個(gè)結(jié)論，或是針對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表個(gè)

21、人的看法。寫(xiě)此段時(shí)要注意結(jié)論的客觀性、看法的合理性，不可妄加評(píng)斷。,1.We have made a survey about. 2.In order to work out/find out/.we made a survey. 3.The survey we made recently shows that. 4.It can be concluded that. 5.We can make a conclusion that. 6.In conclusion. 7.In my opinion.,【常用句式】,下面是某高中對(duì)150名高三學(xué)生睡眠時(shí)間不足及其原因所做調(diào)查的結(jié)果。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖1提供

22、的信息描述高三學(xué)生的睡眠情況，并針對(duì)圖2中任何一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況分析原因，并提出你的看法，詞數(shù)100左右。 參考詞匯：圖表chart,佳作構(gòu)建,【寫(xiě)作任務(wù)】,第一步明確要求 本寫(xiě)作是一篇有關(guān)問(wèn)題的調(diào)查報(bào)告，故以 時(shí)態(tài)為主；人稱以 人稱為主；寫(xiě)自己看法時(shí)應(yīng)該合理，合乎邏輯。 第二步確定段落 本篇作文可以從以下幾個(gè)方面入手： Para.1： Para.2：,【審題謀篇】,答案,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),第三,首先開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山闡述調(diào)查的目的，然后對(duì)圖表1進(jìn)行描述并分 析原因；,簡(jiǎn)要描述圖表2，分析原因，闡述自己的看法。,第三步詞匯熱身 1.做調(diào)查 2.有足夠睡眠 3.熬夜學(xué)習(xí) 4.感到更清醒 5.充分利用白天時(shí)間

23、6.用更有效的方式,答案,make a survey,have enough sleep,stay up late studying hard,feel more refreshed,make the best of daytime,in an effective way,第四步擴(kuò)點(diǎn)成句 1.62%的學(xué)生每天睡覺(jué)少于7小時(shí)，37%的學(xué)生能睡七到八個(gè)小時(shí)。 (一般表達(dá))Sixty-two percent of the students sleep for just less than seven hours each day.Thirty-seven percent of them can sl

24、eep for seven to eight hours. (高級(jí)表達(dá))The result shows sixty-two percent of the students sleep for just less than seven hours each day， thirty-seven percent of them can sleep for seven to eight hours.,答案,that,while,2.我們可以得出結(jié)論大部分高三學(xué)生睡眠不足。 (一般表達(dá))We can conclude that most of Senior 3 students dont have e

25、nough sleep. (高級(jí)表達(dá))We can most of Senior 3 students dont have enough sleep. 3.從圖2我們了解到大部分高三學(xué)生沒(méi)有足夠睡眠的原因。 (一般表達(dá))From Chart 2，we learn why most Senior 3 students dont have enough sleep. (高級(jí)表達(dá))From Chart 2，we learn most Senior 3 students dont have enough sleep.,答案,draw a conclusion that,the reasons why,【連句成篇】 We have made a survey recently about how much time Senior 3 students can sleep e