1、8. Pronouns,1. The general introduction 2. Four logical relationships exist between a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies.,1)Expressing possession,The size and cost of electronic devices have been reduced, and their performance, reliability and efficiency have been greatly improved. 電子設(shè)備的體積和

2、成本降低了，而它們的性能，可靠性和效率大大地提高了。,2)Expressing the S-P relation (主表關(guān)系),（The noun it modifies comes from an adjective） Water and carbon dioxide（二氧化碳） are among substances that absorb in the infrared(紅外線). Their presence in the atmosphere has an insulating effect. ( The fact that they are present in ),3)Expr

3、essing the S-V relation (主謂關(guān)系),a. The noun it modifies comes from an intransitive verb. A baseball that lands in an open soon comes to rest because of its interaction(相互作用) with the ground. And this interaction is called friction. （because it interacts with the ground.）,b. The noun it modifies comes

4、 from a transitive verb.,This is possible because of our assumption that the transistor is a linear amplifier over the range of voltages and currents of interest. ( because we have assumed that),4)Expressing the V-O relation (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系),The noun it modifies comes from a transitive verb The result of an e

5、xperiment forced the abandonment of Thomsons model and its replacement by a new model. ( it was replaced by) Many scientists have worked at the theory of magnetism since its discovery.,Pronoun:,3. A pronoun may sometimes be used to stand for something (a word or a whole sentence) after it. (代詞的代后問題)

6、,Pronoun:,Anna told Lucy that Ruth was leaving, but she didnt believe her. (代前),Pronouns:,Before it can work, a computer must be told what to do. Because of its simplicity, the circuit is widely used in power supplies.,9. Nouns,Attention must be paid to the following points. 1. A noun phrase may be

7、used attributively.,1)as a premodifier,I2 is the virtual （有效的）moment of inertia(慣性矩) coefficient（系數(shù)）. Aerospace Applications of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能） Annual Conference(年會(huì)),Noun:,2) as a postmodifier- expressing size, etc. ( As a matter of fact, “of” is omitted before the noun phrase.),Noun:,

8、The scientists in the forest installed a 250-w generator(發(fā)電機(jī)) the size of a teapot. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect the components in the chip(芯片).,Key Points:,the size of = as large as the height of = as high as the length of = as long as the depth of = as deep

9、 as,2. A noun ( or a noun phrase) may be used adverbially.,1) expressing quantity, distance or time. It is not physically possible to have a function(函數(shù)) (either voltage or current) change a specified amount in zero time.,Noun:,2) expressing aspect or manner- used to modify some adjectives or transi

10、tive verbs, with zero article, so as to make the expression more compact.,Noun:,This device is water resistant.( resistant to water) It is necessary to amplitude（振幅） modulate（調(diào)制） the carrier（載波）. (modulatein amplitude.) We must heat treat these tools before they are used. (treat these tools with hea

11、t.),Noun:,3. Sometimes, a noun or its possessive form, when used as a premodifier, can express different logical relations.,Noun: (S-V relation),Both the heating effect of a current and the electrical resistance are results of electron collisions(碰撞) with the lattice（晶格）. This is due in part to the

12、earths rotation.,(V-O relation),This method is widely used in the antenna design. The computers application in this field is becoming ever wider.,This computer factory turns out 40,000 computers annually. (pure modification) The computers failure(故障率) rate is very low. (possession),Noun:,4. A noun p

13、hrase may act as an appositive to the whole sentence (or part of it) before so as to make a long sentence a simpler one.,Pattern 1:, a (an) + adj. + n “這是.的” “這種-是的” A power factor（功率因子） of 60% means that 1 Kva（千伏安） of power must be supplied for every 600 watts of power actually consumed（消耗）, an une

14、conomical situation.,Pattern 2:, a fact (or: something) + post-modifier (relative clause/participial phrase/adjective phrase/appositive clause) In every atom in its normal state, the number of protons(質(zhì)子) equals the number of electrons, a fact which is directly related to the electrical properties o

15、f the proton and the electron.,Pattern 3:, a (an) + noun + post-modifier (relative clause/ participial phrase/adjective phrase/appositive clause) AC can be changed into DC- a process known as rectification(整流).,Noun phrase:,5. In some cases, the appositive to the subject may come before the subject

16、because of its being long or just for stress. (In this case, a comma must be used after the appositive.),Examples:,A new technology introduced in the 1960s, laser can pierce(穿透) the hardest substance such as diamond（金剛石）.,Translation:,The primary winding of a transformer is the coil which is fed with an alternating current, and the secondary wi