1、網(wǎng)考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總,劉冬萍,名詞,By Hmily,College English Test,3,名詞的分類(lèi),抽象名詞 education 物質(zhì)名詞 water rice 集合名詞 family police people 個(gè)體名詞（大于等于2時(shí)出現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)的變化）books， buses，dishes，benches，boxes，radios，potatoes，leaves，knives，cities，sheep,By Hmily,College English Test,4,名詞的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn),名詞的數(shù)：個(gè)體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化 名詞的性：purse - wallet boy - girl bride -

2、 bridegroom 名詞的格：Toms book Bank of China,冠詞,By Hmily,College English Test,6,不定冠詞,名詞開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)音標(biāo)是元音時(shí)前面使用不定冠詞 an an hour 名詞開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)音標(biāo)是輔音時(shí)前面使用不定冠詞 a a university,By Hmily,College English Test,7,定冠詞,專(zhuān)有名詞之前 the Great Wall 世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物之前 the sun 形容詞的最高級(jí)之前 the best 序數(shù)詞之前 the third 特指 on the desk 上文提到過(guò)的事物后文再次提到 I h

3、ave a book， the book is green。,代詞,By Hmily,College English Test,9,指示代詞 2) hundred, thousand, million用于數(shù)目時(shí)不用復(fù)數(shù)。,By Hmily,College English Test,15,3) dozen(12),score(20）與hundred, thousand等詞用法相同 e.g.: 123,456,789 a hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and ei

4、ghty-nine 40 two score 4) 用作粗略表示，僅為大概數(shù)目時(shí)，以上詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。 hundreds of thousands of scores of dozens of,By Hmily,College English Test,16,2、序數(shù)詞 first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentiet

5、h twenty-first thirty-second hundredth 注意： 序數(shù)詞之前一般要用定冠詞,By Hmily,College English Test,17,3、習(xí)慣用法： 1）年份讀寫(xiě)年份時(shí)，先讀前兩位，再讀后兩位，如： 1995 nineteen ninety-five 1807 eighteen and (or “0”) seven 2000 two thousand 1800 eighteen hundred “公元前” B.C. “公元” A.D. 2) 日期日期一般要用序數(shù)詞表示，英美寫(xiě)法有所不同 美國(guó)： 8/21/95 August 21, 1995 Augu

6、st 21st, 1995 英國(guó)： 21/8/95 21 August, 1995 21st August, 1995,By Hmily,College English Test,18,3) 時(shí)刻：下面表達(dá)中，后者更為常用 英國(guó)用法：7:00 seven oclock/ seven a.m. (p.m.) 8:15 a quarter past eight/ eight fifteen 9:45 a quarter to ten/ nine forty-five 4:30 half past four/ four thirty 美國(guó)用法中用after替代past 7:00 還可表示為seven

7、 hundred hours,By Hmily,College English Test,19,4) 加， 減， 乘，除 224 Two plus two equal (s) four. 10-3=7 Ten minus three is seven. 9x6=54 Nine times (multiplied by) six is fifty- four. 20/4=5 Twenty divided by four is five. 5) 電話(huà)號(hào)碼： 每一個(gè)數(shù)字單個(gè)讀出，不用十位數(shù)，0讀作oh, (美國(guó)常讀作zero, 或nought）。如果相同的數(shù)字成雙出現(xiàn)，可讀作double x. 84

8、22277 eight four two two two seven seven 8422277 eight four two double two double seven Ext 3147 Extension three one four seven,By Hmily,College English Test,20,小數(shù) 小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的數(shù)字按基數(shù)詞讀， 小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)字則須一一讀出 11.25 eleven point two five 3.728 three point seven two eight 0.56 zero point five six 123.009 a hundred and

9、 twenty-three point zero zero night 4. 百分?jǐn)?shù) 百分號(hào)讀作 per cent 5% five per cent 0.5% zero point five per cent 300% three hundred per cent,動(dòng)詞的16種時(shí)態(tài)小節(jié),By Hmily,College English Test,22,時(shí)態(tài)概述 英語(yǔ)共有16種時(shí)態(tài)，其中基本時(shí)態(tài)為五種，分別是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)有三個(gè)時(shí)間的基本概念，即現(xiàn)在，過(guò)去和將來(lái)。同時(shí)，英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)有三個(gè)基本的“體”，分別是一般，進(jìn)行和完成。英語(yǔ)的其他時(shí)態(tài)都

10、是由以上概念交織構(gòu)成的。 首先，我們從英語(yǔ)的五種基本時(shí)態(tài)講起。側(cè)重三部分：,By Hmily,College English Test,23,A. 表示：,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）普遍真理（2）事物所處的一般狀態(tài) （3）經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 Tom writes a letter at home every week. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（1） 此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 （2）當(dāng)前這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 Tom is writing a letter at home now. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和情況 Tom will write a letter at home tomorrow. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)

11、生的動(dòng)作和情況 Tom wrote a letter at home yesterday. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果 Tom has written a letter at home for an hour.,By Hmily,College English Test,24,B.形式: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)） 助動(dòng)詞為do (does) Does Tom write a letter every day? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be doing 助動(dòng)詞為be Is Tom writing a letter now? 一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shall +動(dòng)詞原形 助動(dòng)詞為w

12、ill/shall Will Tom write a letter tomorrow? 一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 助動(dòng)詞為did Did Tom write a letter yesterday? 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 助動(dòng)詞為have (has) Has Tom written a letter for an hour?,By Hmily,College English Test,25,C.標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：every ,often, usually, sometimes 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：now, at the moment, at present, Look, Listen 一般將

13、來(lái)時(shí)：tomorrow ,next , in+ 一段時(shí)間,soon, the day after tomorrow 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：yesterday ,last , 一段時(shí)間+ago, the day before yesterday 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): already, yet, ever, never, for+一段時(shí)間, since+時(shí)間點(diǎn), just,By Hmily,College English Test,26,十六種時(shí)態(tài)列表以write為例,在16種時(shí)態(tài)中形式,By Hmily,College English Test,27,4.句型轉(zhuǎn)換（否定及疑問(wèn)句） Tom wrote a lett

14、er at home yesterday. 否定句：在系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后加not Tom didnt write a letter at home yesterday. 一般疑問(wèn)句：將系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞提前 Did Tom write a letter at home yesterday? 特殊疑問(wèn)句：1）對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)直接用特殊疑問(wèn)詞替換 Who wrote a letter at home yesterday? 2）一般特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句，去掉被問(wèn)部分 Where did Tom write a letter yesterday? 3）對(duì)謂語(yǔ)部分提問(wèn)特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句，

15、并用的 相應(yīng)形式替換被問(wèn)部分 What did Tom do at home yesterday?,By Hmily,College English Test,28,5、特殊疑問(wèn)詞小結(jié) （1）對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：who,whose+名詞,which+名詞 （2）對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：when（對(duì)泛泛的時(shí)間提問(wèn)）, how long（對(duì)一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)）,what time（具體幾點(diǎn)） （3）其他：how（對(duì)方式提問(wèn)）,how soon（多久）, how old（多大）,how often（頻率提問(wèn)）, where（地點(diǎn)） how many+可數(shù)名詞（多少）,how much+不可數(shù)名詞, why（對(duì)原因提問(wèn)）,

16、what（對(duì)事物提問(wèn)） 注意：He visited Beijing three or four times a month. 對(duì)three or four times a month提問(wèn)How often did he visit Beijing? 對(duì)three or four times提問(wèn) How many times did he visit Beijing a month?,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),By Hmily,College English Test,30,一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念： 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和它可以有兩種不同的關(guān)系，主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系： 表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，稱(chēng)為主

17、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Tom opened the door. 表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，謂語(yǔ)要用另一種形式，稱(chēng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) The door was opened by Tom. 在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引起的短語(yǔ)表示,By Hmily,College English Test,31,二、形式 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be表現(xiàn)出來(lái)：（完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：History is made by people. 2一般過(guò)去時(shí)：When was the building completed? 3一般將來(lái)時(shí)：We wont be invited

18、. 4現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：A new railway is being built. The roads were being widened. 5現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去完成時(shí)：The book has been translated. Costs had been greatly reduced.,By Hmily,College English Test,32,以write為例,在16種時(shí)態(tài)中形式,By Hmily,College English Test,33,以write為例，在時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式,By Hmily,College English Test,34,三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用情況 1，不知道

19、或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 Such books are written for children. 2，動(dòng)作的承受者是談話(huà)的中心 The song was written by a student. 3，出于禮貌措辭圓通等不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 You are required to sing a song.,By Hmily,College English Test,35,四、幾種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1，不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) to be done These debts will have to be paid. 2，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) canmaymustshouldcouldmightwould

20、be done He should be criticized for his carelessness. 3，句型 It+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+that從句 It was said that he could speak English.,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,By Hmily,College English Test,37,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:由動(dòng)詞和介詞或副詞組成的固定結(jié)構(gòu). (1)由兩部分組成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: 及物:及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前后兩部分有的可以分開(kāi),一般是由動(dòng)詞與副詞構(gòu)成的;有的不可以分開(kāi),通常是由動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的.不可分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面帶賓語(yǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)必須置于短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后. 例如: He looks after them

21、 very well. 可分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)若是名詞則可放在兩詞之間,也可以放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后. 例如:He brought up the children alone. He brought the children up alone. 但賓語(yǔ)是代詞則必須緊跟動(dòng)詞之后. 例如: He brought them up alone.,By Hmily,College English Test,38,(2)由三部分組成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: 一般是及物不可分的,其賓語(yǔ)無(wú)論是名詞還是代詞必須跟在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后.例如: She takes care of the children on Tuesdays. S

22、he takes care of them on Tuesdays. I get on with Sally very well. I get on with he very well.,動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞,By Hmily,College English Test,40,動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞一、不定式1 、概念： 是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式，通常前面帶有小品詞to，有時(shí)也可不帶to，可以和助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。I will go to school tomorrow.I must go now.也可作主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ).To do this is to cut the foot to

23、 fit the shoe. I want to have a rest. Do you have anything to say? 有時(shí)可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。He wants us to go together with him.,By Hmily,College English Test,41,2、 常見(jiàn)的形式如下（以及物動(dòng)詞do為例），不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 不定式的否定是在to的前面加not。,By Hmily,College English Test,42,3、用法： 1）不定式作賓語(yǔ) 有些及物動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞+不定式。 例如： afford,aim,agre

24、e,arrange,ask,decide,bother,care, choose,demand,desire,determine,elect,hope,fail, help,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,plan,pretend, refuse,tend,undertake,expect,hate,intend 例如： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。,By Hmily,College English Test,43,2）不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 有些動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式 的結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如：

25、advise,allow,cause,challenge,command,drive, enable,encourage,forbid,force,induce,instruct, invite,like/love,order,permit,want,get,warn, persuade,request,send,tell 例如： Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?By Hmily,College English Test,44,4、注意： 1）省去 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 a） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 （ 除ought 外

26、） 后。 b）使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后，感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省去 to。 例如：I saw him dance. 我看見(jiàn)他跳舞。 The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。 c） would rather，had better 句型后 d） why not句型后 e） help 后可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb （to） do sth：,By

27、Hmily,College English Test,45,2)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 在不定式標(biāo)志 to 前加上 not 。 例如：Tell him not to shut the window. 讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。 典型例題: Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A warn

28、sb to do sth. 的否定形式為 warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞 never.,By Hmily,College English Test,46,二、動(dòng)名詞 1、概念： 動(dòng)名詞式動(dòng)詞的另一種非限定形式，在句中起名詞的作用?？勺?主語(yǔ) Working in these conditions is no easy job. 表語(yǔ) My favourite sport is skating. 動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) I suggest having a trip to Dalian. 介詞賓語(yǔ) Have you got used to living in the mount

29、ains? 還可作定語(yǔ)式合成名詞 singing competition opening speech swimming pool,By Hmily,College English Test,47,2、形式 一般 doing 完成 having done 3、主要用法： 作賓語(yǔ),可以作suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, admit, enjoy, delay, practise, miss, advise, deny, excuse, go on, keep, keep on的賓語(yǔ) I enjoy working with you. H

30、ave you finished correcting the students papers?,By Hmily,College English Test,48,三、動(dòng)名詞與不定式 1、 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別： 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2、有些動(dòng)詞如 continue 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義基本相同。 3、有些動(dòng)詞如 forget 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義大相徑庭。,By Hmily,College English Test,49,4、特殊詞精講 1） stop doing/to do

31、stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing停止做某事。 例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。 I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。,By Hmily,College English Test,50,2） forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事，forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事。 例如：The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著，他忘記關(guān)了。（沒(méi)有做

32、關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。（已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作）,By Hmily,College English Test,51,3）remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事，remember doing記得做過(guò)某事。 例如：Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?,By Hmily,College Engl

33、ish Test,52,4 ）regret doing/to do regret to do對(duì)將要做的事遺憾， regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。 例如：I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。,By Hmily,College English Test,53,5）mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想， mean doing意味著。 例如：I

34、mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,By Hmily,College English Test,55,總述- 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征,1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。 2） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。 3） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)不加-s。 4） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有

35、非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞，等形式。,By Hmily,College English Test,56,比較can 和be able to,1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （過(guò)去時(shí)用could）, 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式（could）。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。 例如：They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。 2）只用be able to的情況： a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后。b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。c. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。 d. 用于句首表示條件。e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，用was/were able to

36、，不能用could。 例如：He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之前逃離歐洲。,By Hmily,College English Test,57,注意：could有時(shí)不表示時(shí)態(tài),1）提出委婉的請(qǐng)求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。 例如：- Could I have the television on? 我能看電視嗎？ - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 可以/不可以。 2）在否

37、定句、疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。例如： He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人。,By Hmily,College English Test,58,2. 比較may和might,表示允許或請(qǐng)求；表示沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè)；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。例如：May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！He might be at home. 他可能在家。 注意：might 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，不表示時(shí)態(tài)，只是可能性比may 小。典型例題：Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. mustB. may C

38、. can D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可從后半句推出。,By Hmily,College English Test,59,3. 比較have to和must,1）兩詞都是必須的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must 表示說(shuō)話(huà)人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。 例如：My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。（客觀上需要做這件事） He said that they must work hard. 他說(shuō)他們

39、必須努力工作。（主觀上要做這件事）,By Hmily,College English Test,60,2）have to有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)。例如：He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顧他姐姐。 3） 否定結(jié)構(gòu)中：dont have to表示“不必”，mustnt表示“禁止”。例如：You dont have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告訴他。You mustnt tell him about it. 你不得把這件事告訴他,

40、By Hmily,College English Test,61,4. must表示推測(cè),1） must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定”。 2） must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 后面通常接系動(dòng)詞be 的原形或行為動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式。例如： You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。 （對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)判斷）He must be working in his office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。比較：He must be staying there. 他現(xiàn)在肯定在那里。He mu

41、st stay there. 他必須呆在那。,By Hmily,College English Test,62,3） must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 要接完成式。例如：I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我剛才沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話(huà)，我想必是睡著了。 4） must表示對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。例如：-Why didnt you answer my phone call? 為何不接我的電話(huà)？-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear

42、 it.唉，肯定在睡覺(jué)，所以沒(méi)有聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。 5） 否定推測(cè)用cant。例如： If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開(kāi)這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。,By Hmily,College English Test,63,6. should 和ought to,兩者可表示“想必一定，按理應(yīng)該”的意思。 例如：I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能維持了。It ought to be ready now. 想必現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)備好了吧。They shou

43、ld be there by now, I think. 現(xiàn)在他們?cè)摰侥莾毫?。The poems should be out in a month at most. 詩(shī)集估計(jì)最多還有一個(gè)月就要出版了。,形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí),By Hmily,College English Test,65,形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別,從翻譯方面看：形容詞譯成“的” 副詞譯成“地” 從用法方面看：形容詞用來(lái)修飾名詞 副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞 如：激動(dòng)的話(huà)語(yǔ)（“激動(dòng)的”為形容詞） 激動(dòng)地抱住他（“激動(dòng)地”為副詞）,By Hmily,College English Test,66,比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的含義,1、比較級(jí)經(jīng)常用于兩者

44、之間的比較 句子的一般結(jié)構(gòu)是：含有形容詞比較級(jí)的主句+由than引導(dǎo)的從句。 Eg:Its hotter in Spain than its in Greece. 從句中常省略與主語(yǔ)相同的部分 Its hotter in Spain than in Greece. 2、最高級(jí)用于三者或三者以上在一定范圍內(nèi)的比較。最高級(jí)前加定冠詞the eg:He is the best student in our class.,By Hmily,College English Test,67,形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成 單音節(jié)詞：一般：-er,-est eg.taller,tallest 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，

45、去e,-er,-est, e g.finer,finest 重讀閉音節(jié)以輔音字母結(jié)尾，雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾輔音字母， -er,-est eg.bigger,biggest 輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i,-er,-est eg.happier,happiest 雙音節(jié)詞：少數(shù)以“er,ow,le”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,-er,-est Eg.cleverer,cleverest 其他：在詞前加more,most eg.more interesting most interesting,By Hmily,College English Test,68,副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 一般：在前面加more,most 特殊：ha

46、rd-harder, hardest, fast-faster,fastest well-better,best, badly-worse,worst little-less,least , much-more,most early-earlier,earliest 特殊的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) well,good-better,best, bad,ill-worse,worst many,much-more,most little-less,least old-older,oldest(elder,eldest) far-farther,farthest further,furthest,B

47、y Hmily,College English Test,69,其他 1、同級(jí)比較：as.as表示兩者相等 e.g.: Tom is as tall as Mary. 否定：not as(so).as表示兩者不相等 e.g.: The old cant run so(as) fast as the young 2、比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)：much,a lot ,a bit, far,even,a little e.g.: The crops are growing much better than last year and get a lot more food. e.g.: Shes a bit

48、tall than her sister. e.g.: Tom did the job far better than Mary.,By Hmily,College English Test,70,特殊句型 1、the+比較級(jí)，the+（另一詞的）比較級(jí) 譯為：越越 e.g. : the more the better 越多越好 2、比較級(jí)+and+（同一詞的）比較級(jí) 譯為：越來(lái)越 e.g.: more and more 越來(lái)越多 better and better 越來(lái)越好,直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ),By Hmily,College English Test,72,一、概念：當(dāng)我們引用別人的話(huà)時(shí)，

49、我們可以用別人的原話(huà)，也可以用自己的話(huà)把別人的意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來(lái)，如果是引用原話(huà)，被引用的部分就稱(chēng)為直接引語(yǔ)（Direct Speech），否則稱(chēng)為間接引語(yǔ)（Indirect Speech） 直接引語(yǔ)：Lao Yang said, “Im not free.” 間接引語(yǔ)：Lao Yang said he wasnt free. 直接引語(yǔ)通常都用引號(hào)括起來(lái)，間接引語(yǔ)在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。,By Hmily,College English Test,73,1、引用陳述句： 1）引語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭用連詞that 2）根據(jù)意思改變?nèi)朔Q(chēng) 3）時(shí)態(tài)要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)變化，即 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去

50、進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)，等 Henry said to him:“ I came to return you the book.” Henry said that he had gone to return him the book.,By Hmily,College English Test,74,4)詞語(yǔ)的變化 指示代詞 this these 變?yōu)?that those 地點(diǎn) here there 動(dòng)詞 come go 時(shí)間 now then today that day this week,etc. that week,etc

51、. yesterday the day before last week,etc the week,etc before two days ago two days before tomorrow the next(following) day next week,etc the next(following) week,By Hmily,College English Test,75,2、引用疑問(wèn)句 在引用一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，除了注意人稱(chēng)、狀語(yǔ)等的變更和時(shí)態(tài)的一致以外，還要注意把引語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍涞恼Z(yǔ)序，也就是說(shuō)要把主語(yǔ)放在謂語(yǔ)的前面： The secretary asked,”Whats y

52、our occupation?” The secretary asked what my occupation was. 在這種引語(yǔ)前連詞that是永遠(yuǎn)也不能用的。如果引的是個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句，連詞要用if或whether He asked,”Are you a teacher or a student?” He asked if I was a teacher or a student.,By Hmily,College English Test,76,3、引用祈使句 在引述一個(gè)祈使句時(shí)，我們通常用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，這 個(gè)命令或請(qǐng)求由一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)表示出來(lái)： He said, “D

53、ont do that again.” He told me not to do that again. 4、驚嘆句以間接引語(yǔ)的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)較少： “What a lovely garden.” He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden. 5、在引用間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們不一定都用 say, tell, ask這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞；只要意思上允許我們盡 可能用別的動(dòng)詞, admit, agree, wonder, promise, declare, etc,名詞性從句,By Hmily,College English Test,7

54、8,一， 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類(lèi)： 連接詞： that, whether ,if （不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分） 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 連接副詞：when, where, how, why等,By Hmily,College English Test,79,二，名詞性that-從句 1）由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒(méi)有詞義。例如：主語(yǔ)：That he is still alive is shee

55、r luck. 他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。表語(yǔ)：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。,By Hmily,College English Test,80,2）That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末(其他主語(yǔ)叢句也有這個(gè)特點(diǎn)）。例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.

56、很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。,By Hmily,College English Test,81,三，名詞性wh-從句 1）由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。 例如：主語(yǔ)： How the book will sell depends on its author.書(shū)銷(xiāo)售如何取決于作者本人。表語(yǔ)： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。,By Hmily,College English Test,82,四，if, whether引導(dǎo)的