1、Brief introduction to translation,Translation,Constrast between E and C sentences,Translating methods,Brief intruduction to translation,Definition： Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and second

2、ly in terms of style. Eugene A. Nida, 1969 所謂翻譯，是在譯語中用最貼切的自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先就意義而言，其次就是問題而言。,信：faithfulness,Criteria,達(dá)：expressiveness,雅：elegance,-嚴(yán) 復(fù),the fate of men is as grim and bleak as the fate of women. Toilers and warriors. 男人的命運(yùn)和女人的一樣凄慘悲涼。做苦工，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)士。 男人的命運(yùn)和女人的一樣凄慘悲涼。做苦役，當(dāng)炮灰。,I had not you known yo

3、u a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed to marry. 我還沒有認(rèn)識(shí)你一個(gè)月，就覺得像你這樣一個(gè)人，哪怕天下男人都死光了，我也不愿意將給你。 我還沒認(rèn)識(shí)你一個(gè)月，就覺得像你這樣一個(gè)人，在天下男人中我最不愿意和他結(jié)婚的就是你。,From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautif

4、ul, and the sight of it filled me with longing. 從那里，我可以看見下面的真?zhèn)€山谷，那原野、河流和村莊。這一切非常美麗，見到后使我心里充滿了渴望。 從這里望下去，整個(gè)山谷一覽無遺，只見那田野、河流和村莊，全都美不勝收，真叫我心馳神往。,Literal translation,1. literal translation（直譯） 如果譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容， 又可保持原文的形式-尤其是保持原文中的比喻、形象等，就盡量采用直譯的方法。 Japnese invaders were armed to teeth during WW2, but in a f

5、ew years, they are completely defeated by the Chinese people. 日本侵略者在二戰(zhàn)時(shí)是武裝到牙齒的，可是幾年之后，就被中國(guó)人民徹底擊敗了。 血濃于水：Blood is thicker than water,Free translation,一味地為了保留原文的形式使譯文變得意義含混不清甚至是晦澀難懂，還不如大膽地拋棄原文的形式而直達(dá)其意。 1. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一個(gè)和尚挑水喝，兩個(gè)和尚抬水后，三個(gè)和尚沒水喝。 2. -我只會(huì)馬走日，象走田

6、 -讓你車馬炮？ -I only know the most basic move. - Would you like me to allow you a handcap?,An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China. 譯文一：一個(gè)不會(huì)說中國(guó)話的英國(guó)人有一次在中國(guó)旅行。 譯文二：一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說中國(guó)話,有一次在中國(guó)旅行。 There was an Englishman. He could not speak chinese. He was once travelling in China.,英語

7、形合（hypotaxis）；漢語意合（parataxis）,Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed. 史密斯先生自己還不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。,E: 語言的詞語、分句以及句子借助語言形式手段（如連接詞）來實(shí)現(xiàn)詞語與句子的銜接，表達(dá)語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系。英語重形合。（竹節(jié)） C：結(jié)構(gòu)松弛，多以結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的單句，其彼此的邏輯關(guān)系多以句序之先后加以暗示。漢語重意合。（流水）,英語重心在前；漢語重心在后,We believe that it is right and nec

8、essary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side-not just in a passive way but as active friends.,我們認(rèn)為生活在不同政治和社會(huì)制度下的各國(guó)人民應(yīng)該和平相處，不僅僅是消極相處，而且要積極友好相處，這是正確，而且是必要的。,It is regrettable that the aggressive market strategy of Japnese collegues and their apprentices in Ko

9、rea has resulted in destructive price erosion for consumer electronics goods.,我們的日本同行和他們韓國(guó)的“徒弟們”以其野心勃勃的市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略破壞性地降低了民用電子產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格，這是令人非常遺憾的。,Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life . 生活中既然有悲劇，文學(xué)作品就可以寫悲劇。,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big c

10、ountry, if only they dare to rise in the struggle, dare to take up arems and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their country. 小國(guó)人民一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國(guó)的侵略，只要他們敢于起來斗爭(zhēng)，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)。 小國(guó)人民敢于斗爭(zhēng)，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)，就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國(guó)的侵略。,英語多被動(dòng)；漢語多主動(dòng),The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our pla

11、net is seldom as well appreciated. 海洋學(xué)是認(rèn)識(shí)我們星球的關(guān)鍵，其重要性人們卻很少理解。 Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few questions of secondary remian to be discussed. 大部分問題已經(jīng)圓滿解決了，只剩下幾個(gè)次要問題需要討論。,I am afraid that I shall be laughed. 我怕大家笑話我。 The compass was invented in china four thousand ye

12、ars ago. 中國(guó)在四千年前發(fā)明了指南針。,英語多復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句（立體）；漢語多簡(jiǎn)單短句（平面）,The traveller from the coast, who, after plodding northward for a score of miles over calcareous downs and corn-lands, suddenly reaches the verge of one of these escarpment, is surprised and delighted to behold, extended like a map beneath him, country

13、 differing absolutely from that which he has passed through. 一個(gè)從海邊上來的旅客，往北很費(fèi)勁地走了幾十里地的石灰質(zhì)丘陵和莊稼地以后，一下子到了這些峻嶺之一的山脊上面，看見了一片原野，像地圖一樣平鋪在下面，和剛才走過的截然不同，他不由得又驚又喜。,從句的翻譯,I.主語從句的翻譯,II. 定語從句的翻譯,1.主語從句放在句首 a.按順序 What he told me was only half-truth. 他告訴我的話只有一般是真的。 b.主句與從句斷開,在主句前加譯“這”，在語氣上給主語以更多的強(qiáng)調(diào) That those who

14、had learned from us now excelled us was a real challenge. 像我們學(xué)習(xí)過的人反倒超過了我們，這對(duì)我們的確是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。 That she is still alive is a consolation. 她還活著，這使人感到寬慰。,2. It is that,It is a shame that they havent notified you about it. 很遺憾他們沒有把這件事通知給你。 It is a common sense that a liquid has no definite shape, yet it has a de

15、finite volume. 液體沒有一定的形狀，而有一定的體積，這是個(gè)基本常識(shí)。,It is n. that,b. It is +adj. that,It was obvious that he was not that kind of person as we assumed to be. 很清楚，他并不是傳言中的那種人。 It is important that a scientist should look at matter from the perspective of movement. 科學(xué)家應(yīng)該從運(yùn)動(dòng)的角度來看待物質(zhì)，這是很重要的。,It is +adj+n+that,It

16、is a wise father that knows his child. It is a good dog that can catch anything. 再聰明的父親也不一定了解自己的孩子。 再好的狗也不可能什么獵物都能捕捉到。,It is a good workman that never blunders. It is a good man that never stumbles nor a good wife that never grumbles. 智者千慮，必有一失。 世間沒有不犯錯(cuò)的丈夫，也沒有不嘮叨的妻子。,It is +adj+n+that 從句肯定：“再（多么）也不會(huì)

17、（不可能） ” 從句否定：“再也會(huì)（也可能）” “沒有不”,It is p.p(過去分詞)+that,It is said that she just came back from America. 據(jù)說她剛剛從美國(guó)回來。 It has been found that all kinds of matter consist of atoms. 人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)各種物質(zhì)都是有原子組成的,It is/wasthat (強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)),It was my brother that threw an egg at the Minister of Education yesterday. 是我兄弟昨天向教育部長(zhǎng)

18、扔雞蛋的。,限制性定語從句,1.譯成前置定語,All the students were intoxicated with his song which was very infectious. 他那極富感染力的歌聲，使所有的學(xué)生無不為之陶醉。 Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us. 我們對(duì)在工業(yè)博覽會(huì)上看到的每樣?xùn)|西都非常感興趣。,2. 譯成并列句,She suddenly thought of her husband who had gone to Hongkong and lef

19、t her and their children behind, and had never heard of. 她丈夫早已拋下了她和孩子，自己跑到香港了，一直沒有音信，現(xiàn)在她忽然想起了她。,They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛的；在過去，許多中國(guó)人曾為這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。,3.

20、融合法,This living “side-by-side” may cause disaggrement to develop between groups who ways of life are very different from one another. 各族生活方式不盡相同，這種“并存”可能會(huì)在他們之間產(chǎn)生分歧。,There were many wonderful stories to tell about the palces I visited and the people I met. 我訪問了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要談起來奇妙的事情多得很。,非限制性定語從句,1.譯成并

21、列句,a 譯成并列句，省略先行詞 My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment , could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them chanically. 雖然我的助手在動(dòng)手做實(shí)驗(yàn)之前從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀了說明書，但由于他死搬硬套，不會(huì)靈活應(yīng)用，所以不能取得滿意的結(jié)果。,The prayers, and the meals, the lessons and the walk, which

22、 were arranged with a conventional regularity here, oppressed her almost beyond endurance. 在這而，祈禱，吃飯，上課，散步，都有一定的規(guī)律，這日子悶得她幾乎透不過氣來。,b 譯成并列句，重復(fù)先行詞,He took the idea to Bill, who liked it and ordered a secret study, made to see if it could be done. 他把這個(gè)想法匯報(bào)給比爾，比爾對(duì)此很感興趣，命令進(jìn)行秘密研究，看看是否可行。,Actually, it is no

23、t. Because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的， 而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。,2. 譯成獨(dú)立句,He had talked to the President, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和總統(tǒng)談過話?？偨y(tǒng)向他保證，凡是能夠做到的他都將竭盡全力去做。

24、,One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. 有一次暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實(shí)在是我平生鮮見的。這場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。,譯成狀語從句,1 譯成表”因“的分句,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，所以貓?jiān)诤谝估镆材芸吹暮芮宄?B

25、ut he did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the white House to be a particulary important question. 但他沒有詳細(xì)地談到這件事，因?yàn)榘讓m沒有把這件事情看做是一個(gè)特別重要的問題。,2. 譯成表”結(jié)果“的分句,She seeks hapiness in selfish employment, where it can never be found. 她在自私的享樂中追求幸福，結(jié)果是永遠(yuǎn)也找不到幸福,There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 這個(gè)方案富于創(chuàng)造性，別出心裁，而且很有魄力，結(jié)果所以他們都很喜歡。,3.譯成”目的“的分句,The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploitin