1、Edgar Allen Poe坡 (18091849),E.A. Poe (18091849),Poes mother,Important Points,1. Poes major works. 2. Poes literary characteristics and achievements,Introduction,a miserable childhood,was adopted by John Allan,an unhappy relationship,entered the University but didnt finish went to West Point but was

2、dismissed,at 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin,her death in 1847 left him a bitterer life,died in mysterious circumstances, in 1849,Introduction,a villain with no virtue,an evil genius,Emerson: the jingle man,Whitman: “its narrow range and unhealthy, lurid quality” (不豐富的選材和不健康、可怕的質(zhì)量),He was under

3、stood by critics and other writers in America.,Introduction,Poe enjoyed respect and welcome in Europe,His reputation was first made in France,Today, his works are read with appreciation and understanding.,Poes influence was considerable in Spain, Italy, Germany and Russia.,Introduction,Shaws evaluat

4、ion of Poes achievement,a critic, a poet， a short story writer,the greatest journalistic critic of his time,his poetry is “exquisitely refined“(精致優(yōu)雅),his tales are complete works of art,a great writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, and a critic of insight,Poes Major Literary Works,1) “The Rav

5、en” 烏鴉,poems,2) “Annable Lee” 安娜貝爾李,3) “The Sleeper” 睡夢人,4) “A Dream Within a Dream” 夢中夢,5) “SonnetTo Science” 十四行詩致科學(xué),6) “To Helen” 致海倫,7) “The City in the Sea” 海中的城市earlier entitled The Doomed City 衰敗的城市,Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 述異集,a collection of short stories,tales,two kinds,Horror,

6、Ratiocination（推理）,“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 莫格街謀殺案,“The Gold Bug”金甲蟲,“The Black Cat” 黑貓,“The Cask of Amontillado” （紅色死亡假面舞會）,“Ligeia”莉蓋亞,“The Fall of the House of Usher”,“The Purloined Letter”被竊的信件,“The Mystery of Marie Roget” 瑪麗羅杰謎案,works,The Philosophy of Composition 創(chuàng)作原理 The Poetic Principl

7、e 詩歌原則,Literary theory,Themes,1. death predominant theme,2. horror,“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poes writings is dead.”,3.negative thoughts of science,Poes theory for poetry,poems,short but achieve maximum effect,produce a feeling of beauty in the reader,pure“, not to mora

8、lize,He stresses rhythm,insists on an even(規(guī)則的) metrical flow,真實能夠滿足人的理智,感情能夠滿足人的心靈, 而美則能激動人的靈魂,Poes theory for short story,Short story should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression(壓縮) and finality.,Poes achievement,1. His aesthetics, his call for the rhythmical creation of beauty have

9、 influenced French symbolists and the devotees of art for arts sake. 2. He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism. 3. He is the father of the detective story.,The analysis of some imagesin The Raven,Edgar Allan Poe,The raven and the demon,Backgrounds of The Raven,Virginia ,Poes wife ,died

10、of tuberculosis at only 24.Poe wrote this poem during her illness of TB when he felt she would die someday because TB ,at that time ,was a incurable disease. Professor David Rein considered the beautiful Sarah Elmira Royster ,Poes neighbor, was the prototype of the Lenore .They loved each other when

11、 Poe was young ,but Sarahs father opposed them ,so they were pitifully taken apart .And thats the lost beauty .Maybe its the reason why Poe ghastly scared his friends or we can say his wife would leave.,Key points of The Raven,1)It took Poe four years to complete this poem. It was first published in

12、 1845 and revised several times in later editions. 2)Poe cited this poem as an example in “The Philosophy of Composition” to show how a poem should be composed. This poem corresponds to Poes basic principles of poetry writing. 3)It is an elegy, expressing the sorrow or grief over somebodys sudden de

13、ath.,4)It is not long, 108 lines, readable at one sitting. 5)The poetic theme is the lamentation over the death of a beautiful woman. 6)The general tone of the poem is melancholy. 7)It reads very rhythmical, with different varieties of rhymes.,8)The poem is composed of 18 six-line stanzas, the first

14、 five lines being trochaic octameter, and the sixth line a trochaic tetrameter. 9)The repetition of the / / sound at the end of different rhymes and the refrain (lines repeated at the end of stanzas or a poem for expressive effect), “nevermore”, suggest mourning and grief. 10)The rhyming scheme of t

15、he poem is abcbbb,Some Important Images,Can you tell us some poems related to the raven ?(in Chinese) And what do you think the image-raven shows us?,烏鴉詩,秋思 馬致遠(yuǎn) 枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家。 古道西風(fēng)瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。 秋思 白樸 孤村落日殘霞,輕煙老樹寒鴉一點飛虹影下,青山綠水,白草紅葉黃花。,Meaning changing,Actually before Tang dynasty the raven had a mea

16、ning of luck and people thought they were prophets, but after Tang the raven has become an ill-omen symbolizing loneliness ,mystery ,sadness and even death which is similar to the image in The Raven.,烏鴉在中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的形象： 在唐代以前，烏鴉在中國民俗文化中是有吉祥和預(yù)言作用的神鳥，有“烏鴉報喜，始有周興”的歷史常識傳說，漢董仲舒在春秋繁露同類相動中引尚書傳：“周將興時，有大赤烏銜谷之種而集王

17、屋之上，武王喜，諸大夫皆喜?！?古代史籍淮南子左傳史記也均有名篇記載。 唐代以后，方有烏鴉主兇兆的學(xué)說出現(xiàn)，唐段成式酉陽雜俎：“烏鳴地上無好音。人臨行，烏鳴而前行，多喜。此舊占所不載?！?無論是兇是吉，“烏鴉反哺，羔羊跪乳”是儒家以自然界的的動物形象來教化人們“孝”和“禮”的一貫說法，因此烏鴉的“孝鳥”形象是幾千年來一脈相傳的。本草綱目禽慈鳥中稱：“此烏初生，母哺六十日，長則反哺六十日，可謂慈孝矣?！钡珵貘f是否真的具有這種習(xí)性，還有待現(xiàn)代人的研究和觀察證實。,The raven,Raven: a kind of ominous bird that symbolizes death With w

18、hole black feathers ,the raven ,almost in silence except saying one word-nevermore, seemed to be a grim ghost from the Nights Plutonian shore ,The unlucky bird made the speaker scarcely worried that his friends would leave him again and his hopes would break .It also beguiled him into an illusion of

19、 forgetting pain ,but eventually the raven like a demon caused the speakers soul lifted-nevermore. the Nights Plutonian shore: 黑夜中的的冥界的冥界海岸,Why did Poe used a non-human creature to utter the word?,Firstly ,the human could answer the question reasonably .Thats impossible to clasp a lost beauty ,Secon

20、dly ,the painful dialogue between the speaker and the raven shows us his endless suffering.,The bust of Pallas,The bust of Pallas was Athena-the symbol of wisdom.智慧女神雅典娜 And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting ;On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; The ra

21、ven sat on the bust ,and its shadow covered the bust of Pallas and my soul ,which shows there was no way for me to revive because even the wise Pallas was shrouded in shadow.,The chamber door,The door always stands for impediment or boundary .Here it also refers to obstacles .On one hand ,the speake

22、r dreamed to clasp his Lenore in the mortal life ;on the other hand , the Aidenn the lost beauty lived was too distant to get to ,so theres no possibility for him to realize his dream. Thats to say the chamber door like a thick wall divided the two lovers into respective worlds .,Imaginary images,Th

23、en, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by angels whose faint foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. “Wretch,” I cried, “thy God hath lent thee-by these angels he hath sent thee Respite-respite and Nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! Let me quaff this kind Nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore. ” Nepenthe希臘神話中的忘憂藥。后泛指一切是人忘記憂愁的東西 ；censer香爐 Respite 暫時的休息(或喘息);(痛苦的)緩