1、Grammar,Noun Clauses 名詞性從句,By Aki Huang,1.概念 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等, 因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。,名詞性從句,Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we wo

2、n the game is exciting.,主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句,如何判斷從句類型,主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ), 它可以位于句首, 但常見的主語(yǔ)從句多放在句末,句首則用形式主語(yǔ)it。,用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It is名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that是常識(shí) (2) It is形容詞從句 (多用 should) It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是,(3) It 不及物動(dòng)詞從句 It

3、seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎 (4) It is 過(guò)去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō),It is certain that he will come. It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week. It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday eveni

4、ng. It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.,賓語(yǔ)從句 1）經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在及物動(dòng)詞，介詞和某些形容詞的后面。,that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)： anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句

5、。,I am not sure what I ought to do. Im afraid you dont understand what I said. Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.,2） 在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中, 為了保持句子平衡, 用it 作形式賓語(yǔ),將從句放于句尾, 常接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary th

6、at we take plenty of hot water every day. I feel it possible that you will finish the work in a day.,表語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在系動(dòng)詞的后面。 be, look, remain, seem。一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)從句”。,The problem is who we can get to replace her.,同位語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在抽象名詞，如fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等 之后。,The kings decision

7、 that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.,同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。,(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：,1) The

8、 news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）,that，whether,what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever,when, where, how, why, whenever,that, if, whether,what

9、, who, whom, whose, which, whoever,when, where, how, why, wherever,when, where, how, why, however,when, where, how, why, however,that，whether,that, as if,because, whether,what, who, whom, whose, which, whichever,what, who, whom, whose, which, whichever,that的用法,在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒(méi)有任何具體意思。 引導(dǎo)的句子相當(dāng)于一個(gè)陳述句。 只

10、起到連接的作用。,That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round . He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning. Where did you ge

11、t the idea that I could not come.,whether & if,翻譯成“是否”,具有一定的意義,所以不能省略. 引導(dǎo)的句子相當(dāng)于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句。,注意: 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情況如下： A) 在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.,B) 在主語(yǔ)從句中，只有用it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí), whether和if 都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句, 否則, 也

12、只能用whether。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.,C) 在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略) 如: It all depends (on) whether they will support us. D) 后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如： He doesnt know whether to stay or not. E) 后面緊接or not 時(shí)。如： We didnt know

13、 whether or not she was ready., 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用 whether或if, 不能用that的情況如下： 若doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句為肯定句用whether或if，主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句用that。如： I doubt whether he will come soon.,I do not doubt that he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon 注意: 下面這個(gè)例句中doubt的含義為“認(rèn) 為未必可能”。 I doubt that he will come.,because “

14、因?yàn)椤薄?Eg. I think it is because you are doing too much. as if “仿佛，好像” Eg. It looked as if it was going to rain. It looks as if you are right.,虛擬語(yǔ)氣,What & whatever的用法,what在從句中表示“什么”；whatever表示“無(wú)論什么”。兩者指物。 在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)的句子相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句，但是語(yǔ)序是陳述句的語(yǔ)序。,1.Tom is no longer what he used to be. 3. Whatever

15、 we do must be in the interests of the people.,2. What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.,Who，whom，whoever & whomever,Who和whom表示“誰(shuí)”；whoever和whomever表示“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”。指人。 Who和whoever在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的成分。Whom和whomever在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的成分。 P.S. 介詞后面只能用whom和whomever。,1.Whoever leaves the room last shou

16、ld close the door. 2.Please tell me who/whom we have to see. 3.Do you know to whom Jack was speaking? 4. They should enjoy complete freedom to marry whomever they might choose.,Which & whichever,Which表示“哪一個(gè)”；whichever表示“無(wú)論哪一個(gè)”。 一般在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分。 eg. Ill ask him which one he likes Whichever you like will

17、 be given to you. All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like.,whose,Whose表示“誰(shuí)的”。 在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的成分，其后一定會(huì)加名詞。 eg. The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.,When & whenever,When表示“什么時(shí)候”；whenever表示“無(wú)論什么時(shí)候”。指時(shí)間。 在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的成分。 eg. I have no idea when he wil

18、l return. When well start is not clear. = It is not clear when well start. Whenever you comes will be welcome.,Where & wherever,Where表示“哪里”；whenever表示“無(wú)論哪里”。 在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的成分。 Wherever you are is my home - my only home. Where she has gone is a mystery.,How & however,How表示“怎么樣”；however表示“無(wú)論怎么樣”。 在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)方式狀