1、The boy _ diving.,They _ diving.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,All of them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,英語句子概論,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主語,謂語,賓語,表語,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause /

2、 Infinitive,英語句子基本成分示意圖,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,主語 不及物動詞 She came/ My head aches. 主語 及物動詞 賓語 She likes English. 主語 系動詞 主語補語(表語） She is happy 主語 雙賓動詞 間接賓語

3、直接賓語 She gave John a book She bought a book for him. 主語 賓補動詞 賓語 賓語補語 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be There is a book on the desk.,簡單句基本句型實例,簡單句的基本詞序,主語動詞部分賓語 狀語 （謂語） 方式地點時間 Iboughta hat yesterday. The children ran home. We ate our meal in silence. The c

4、ar stopped suddenly.,句子成分是指構(gòu)成句子的 各個組成部分，即詞和詞組在句 子中的各種語法意義。句子成分 主要有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、 定語、狀語。另外，一些句子還 有一些其他的成分，如同位語、 呼語、插入語等。,1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主語, 謂 語, 定語, 賓 語, 同位語, 狀 語,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主語,謂語,賓語,表語,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / C

5、lause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英語句子基本成分示意圖,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,句 子 成 分,(一)主語,主語是指句子談?wù)摰闹黝}，也 就是句中動作、行為、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài) 的主

6、體。,主語可以用下面這些東西表示： 1.名詞；2. 代詞； 3. 數(shù)詞； 4. 動名詞；5. 不定式； 6. 詞組或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)； 7. 從句；8. 名詞化的其他詞類,句 子 成 分,Who is speaking, please? To act like that is children. Two will be enough. Beijing is a beautiful city. Dancing is fun. What he said was wrong.,名,代,數(shù),不定式,動名詞,從句,句 子 成 分,（二）謂語,謂語說明主語的動作、行為或所 處的狀態(tài)。通常由動詞的各種形式來 充當(dāng)。

7、并且和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。謂語有廣義與狹義之分，廣義的謂語指主語以外包括動詞在內(nèi)的部分，狹義的謂語僅僅指動詞，這里我們討論的是廣義上的謂語。,句 子 成 分,1.一般謂語都是由一個動詞或動詞 短語來充當(dāng) She got here at six.,2.有些謂語是由“系動詞+表語”構(gòu)成的 The girl felt cold. He is a teacher.,句 子 成 分,(一)主語,主語是指句子談?wù)摰闹黝}，也 就是句中動作、行為、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài) 的主體。,主語可以用下面這些東西表示： 1.名詞；2. 代詞； 3. 數(shù)詞； 4. 動名詞；5. 不定式； 6. 詞組或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)； 7. 從句；8

8、. 名詞化的其他詞類,句 子 成 分,Who is speaking, please? To act like that is children. Two will be enough. Beijing is a beautiful city. Dancing is fun.,名,代,數(shù),不定式,動名詞,句 子 成 分,（二）謂語,謂語說明主語的動作、行為或所 處的狀態(tài)。通常由動詞的各種形式來 充當(dāng)。并且和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。,Subject-Verb Agreement,Can you match the right pictures?,1,2,3,4,A,B,C,D,Subject-

9、Verb Agreement,主謂一致原則,Subject-Verb Agreement,主謂一致是指句子的_與_在_和_上必須保持一致 主謂一致的三個原則: 1. 語法一致 2. 意義一致 3. 就近原則,謂語動詞,主語,人稱,數(shù),一、語法一致的原則是指主語為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時，其謂語動詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。 二、意義一致的原則指謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語所表達的概念，而不取決于表面的語法標(biāo)志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；指具體成員時用復(fù)數(shù)。 三、就近原則是指謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語，而無須考慮其他的詞,A young man an

10、d a girl want to go there. The singer and the writer are famous to many young people.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,are,語法一致,由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞做主語時，謂動一般用復(fù)數(shù)。,a singer and dancer,The singer and dancer _ on the stage.,is,語法一致,The gift is used to have western meals. What is it?,a knife and fork,A knife and for

11、k is used to have meals.,語法一致,Marys,Mary _ a dog.,has,Toms,Mary and Tom _ a dog.,have,謂語的動詞要與主語的人稱和數(shù)一致。,語法一致,主謂一致,語法一致,） 由 and 連接的并列主語，如果主語是同一個人，同一事，同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，否則用復(fù)數(shù)這時后面的名詞沒有冠詞。,are,has,語法一致,none 做主語時, 謂語動詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù), 因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:,內(nèi)容一致/意義一致,主謂一致,2) 用and 連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體, 如

12、: bread and butter, knife and fork 等作主語時(由兩個部件配成的物品), 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 如:,Each man and woman _ the same rights. A. has B. have C. had D. is having ）由each, every, no, many a(許多)所修飾的名詞，即使用 and連接作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。,Many a man _the story.,has,believes,The group _ made up of nine students.,The group_ dancing happily.

13、,is,are,The team _ some good players. (have) The team _ handsome. (be),has,are,Group discussion: Can you find out the grammar rules?,Collective nouns can have a singular or plural verb. If the noun refers to a whole unit, the verb is singular. If it refers to the different members of a unit, the ver

14、b is plural.,group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd, company, audience, club, party, police, army, band, minority (少數(shù))and so on.,Collective nouns（集體名詞）,由集體名詞，如group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd, company, audience, club, party, crew等作主語時,如果看成一個整體 (強調(diào)整體）

15、，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式, 如果看成其中各成員，（強調(diào)個體）則用復(fù)數(shù)形式. 注意：集體名詞為 people, police, cattle，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 e.g. The police are searching for the thief.,1、集體名詞做主語時的主謂一致,Choose the correct verb form to complete the following sentences.,1.The research group (is, are) made up of five people.,2.What (do, does) the group want for the

16、ir lunch?,3.Our family (is, are) not poor any more.,4.He has to worry. His family (is, are) waiting for him.,5.The class (is, are) more than forty in number.,is,do,is,are,is,6.The class (have, has) disagreed among themselves about where they should go and have a picnic.,7.The government (has, have)

17、spent more than two million yuan in planting trees.,8.The city government ( has, have) different opinions about next years plan.,have,has,have,Neither dog _ big. ( A. is B. are ),Neither of them _ big. ( A. is B. are ),A,Neither of the rabbits _ handsome. ( A. is B. are ),A / B,Neither rabbit _ hand

18、some. ( A. is B. are ),A,A / B,二、代詞作主語,兩者都不,neither of none of,n. (U),n.(C),neither + n.(singl.),V.,singl. plural.,How to use none and neither,V.(singl.),V.(singl.),代詞none和neither有時用作單數(shù)看待,有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)說話人的意思決定.但是代表不可數(shù)名詞時,只看作單數(shù);neither作形容詞時與單數(shù)名詞連用,謂語動詞用單數(shù).,3.Neither of us _ (was/were) ready when the p

19、arty began. 4. None of them _ (has/have) watched the talk show.,have/has,was/were,1.None of these people _ doctors. A. has B. is C. are D. was 2.Neither of them _ a good singer. A. are B. is C. were D. is used to be,C,B,everybody,當(dāng)這些詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，在句中我們可以用they 來代替它們，有時我們可以用he/she來代替。,anybody,everyone

20、,nobody,somebody,everything,anything,nothing,something,Indefinite pronouns,no one, nobody, each, the other,Nothing _ difficult in the world if you set your mind to it . 2. Nobody thought_ would have to pay for_ own ticket (s).,they/he/she,their/his/her,is,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,is,Mike,Mike and Bob _ w

21、orkers.,are,Both Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Neither Mike nor Bob _ a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,None of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,三、用作主語的兩個名詞或代詞由or, either or, neither nor, both and或not only but also連接,Peter,Henry,Either Peter or

22、Henry _ going to win.,is,Henry,A or B Not A but B Either A or B Neither A nor B Not only A but also B,Verb,Here There,+Verb,A and B,A , B and C,就近原則:當(dāng)用作主語的兩個名詞或代詞由or, eitheror , neithernor 或 not onlybut also 連接時,謂語通常與臨近的名詞或代詞保持一致。,由there或here引導(dǎo)的句子,主語不止一個名詞時,謂語動詞通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致.,Not only you but also

23、 he _ wrong. (is/are),Neither you nor he _ right. (is/are),There _ two shops and a cinema beside the railway station. (is/are),Here _ a map and a handbook for you. (is/are),is,is,are,is,_,Mr. Black , as well as two women, _ at the office.,is,Mr. Black,with, together with,（和一起） along with,（同一道） as we

24、ll as,（既又） as much as,（和一樣多） no less than, （和）一樣；多達 rather than, （寧愿）but, except, besides, including, like, in addition to（另外）,四.主語介詞（短語）： 當(dāng)主語后面接說明主語的修飾語，如as well as, as much as, no less than, along with,with ,like, rather than, together with , but ,except, besides, ,including等時， 其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)不受修飾成分的影響

25、，仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系，由主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。,主謂一致,語法一致,1. The teacher with two students _ at the meeting . (was / were),2.E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.,A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play,was,A,主謂一致,語法一致,五、分詞、量詞作主語 由分數(shù)或百分數(shù)或a lot of, lots of, plenty of, ha

26、lf of, the rest of, some of, most of, all of , (a) part of +名詞或代詞作主語時，要根據(jù)這個名詞或代詞來確定其謂動的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:,e.g. Tom is one of the students who_good at playing football. Tom is the only one of the students who_ good at playing football.,are,is,注意在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞” 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句中謂語動詞用復(fù) 數(shù)形式；但是若前有the only, 將其限定為只有一個時

27、,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.,六、名詞化的形容詞作主語 e.g. The rich are to help the poor. The wounded was a young boy. 以定冠詞the + adj.（或過去分詞）結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如the brave, the poor, the blind, the sick, the old等，但有少數(shù)過去分詞與定冠詞連用時指個體，用單數(shù)形式。,主謂一致,語法一致,七 當(dāng)主語由不定式、動名詞或疑問詞引導(dǎo)的句子充當(dāng)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。,1).To hold the Olympic Games_ a rich prize for a

28、country. (be),2). Choosing what to eat _ no longer as easy as it once was.,is,is,What we need _ more time and more materials. What we need _ teachers. (由what, who, why, how, whether等引導(dǎo)的主語 從句，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，但所指的具體內(nèi) 容為復(fù)數(shù)意義，則可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式.),3),is,are,內(nèi)容一致/意義一致,主謂一致,1.表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞作主語, 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們作為一個單一的概念時

29、, 其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式. 如:,表示時間、金錢、距離、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在表示單位數(shù)量用作主語時，通常被看作整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。,is,A million dollars _(is/are) really a lot of money. Sixty years a long time. Three thousand miles a long distance. Fifty kilogrammes not too heavy to be carried.,is,is,is,主謂一致,語法一致,2.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses

30、等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有a pair of修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)。如:,There is a pair of shoes in the box.,主謂一致,語法一致,3. 形復(fù)意單名詞如: news; 以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics; 國名如: the United States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Nights; 以及 the United Nations 等作主語; 謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:,主謂一致,語法一致,4. “a + 名詞 + and a half”, “o

31、ne and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù). 如:,“the+形容詞/過去分詞做主語的主謂一致,“the+形容詞/過去分詞”表示一類人或事物時，謂動用復(fù)數(shù)；若指某一抽象概念，則用單數(shù)。,The sick here are very well cared for. The true is to be told from the false.,1One or two days _ enough to see the city Ais Bare Cam Dbe 2Neither my wife nor I _ able to p

32、ersuade my daughter to change her mind Ais Bare Cam Dbe,Exercises:,3Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another Ais Bare Cam Dbe 4Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film Ais Bare Cam Dbe,5Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class y

33、esterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been 6A woman with some children _ soon Ais coming Bare coming Chas come Dhave come,7No one except my parents _ anything about this. Aknow Bknows Cis known Dare known 8The teacher as well as the students _ the book already Ahas read Bhave read Care reading Dis rea

34、ding 9All but one _ in the accident Awas killed Bwere killed Cwill be killed Dare killed,10. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. has not been decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided,11. The number of people invited _fifty, but a number of them _ absent for dif

35、ferent reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 12. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are,13. The results of the examination _that you have all made great _ . A. show; progress B. shows; progress C. show; progresses D. shows; progresses14.Here _ a new pair of shoes for you. A. is B. are C. have D. has,主謂一致記憶口訣,單單復(fù)復(fù)最常見,集體名詞謂用單。 如若強調(diào)其成員,復(fù)數(shù)謂語記心間. 有些名詞謂常復(fù),people, police, cattle即這般 主語單數(shù)后接介,謂語單數(shù)介無關(guān). man