1、第八章 非謂語動(dòng)詞,Nonfinite Verbs,本講內(nèi)容概要 1、什么是非謂語動(dòng)詞？ 2、非謂語動(dòng)詞的詞法特點(diǎn) 3、非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法 4、非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法辨析 5、鞏固性練習(xí),什么是非謂語動(dòng)詞？ 非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種: 動(dòng)名詞 (Gerund)， 分詞(Participles) 動(dòng)詞不定式 (Infinitive)。,非謂語動(dòng)詞的詞法特點(diǎn) 動(dòng)名詞 (doing) 起名詞作用 不定式 (to do) 起名詞、形容詞和副詞作用 分 詞 (doing/done) 起形容詞和副詞作用,動(dòng)名詞的用法（5種） （1）Collecting stamps is my hobby. （作主語） 集郵是我最喜歡

2、的愛好。 （2）I like collecting stamps. (作賓語動(dòng)詞賓語) 我喜歡集郵。 I am against your spending too much money on stamps. （作賓語介詞賓語） 我反對(duì)你花很多錢買郵票。,動(dòng)名詞的用法（5種） （3）They laughed at my hobby, collecting stamps. (作同位語) 他們嘲笑我的愛好集郵。 （4）My hobby is collecting stamps. (作表語) 我的愛好是集郵。 （5）A swimming pool will be built in our school

3、. (作定語) 我們學(xué)校將要建一個(gè)新的游泳池。,分詞的用法（4種） （1）This situation is very encouraging. (作表語) 形勢(shì)非常令人鼓舞。 比較: he students are encouraged at the situation. 注 作表語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示性質(zhì)、特征，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)、結(jié)果。,分詞的用法（4種） （2）Tom found the dog lying under the table. (作賓語補(bǔ)足語) （3）He had an amusing experience last week. （作定語現(xiàn)在分詞）上個(gè)星期，他碰到一件令人好笑的

4、經(jīng)歷。 比較: The injured worker was in great pain. (作定語過去分詞） 那個(gè)受傷的工人處于極大的痛苦之中。,分詞的用法（4種） （4）Hearing the news, they jumped with joy. (作狀語時(shí)間、原因) 聽到這個(gè)消息，他們高興得跳了起來。 比較: The man professor sat there, surrounded by many students. （作狀語伴隨）教授坐在那兒周圍有許多學(xué)生。 It growing dark, they went home. (作狀語獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)) 天黑了，他們回家了。 比較: Th

5、e boys returned, their faced covered with sweat. (作狀語獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))孩子們回來了，滿臉是汗。,不定式的用法 （7種） （1）To study English well is important. (作主語) It is important to study English well. （做主語形式主語it） （2）He offered to help us. (作賓語) （3）My new job, to look after the children, is interesting. （作同位語） （4）My plan is to finish

6、 the task in three days. (作表語),不定式的用法 （7種） （5）The teacher asked us to write a composition. (作賓補(bǔ)) （6）He handed me the paper to be typed. (作定語) I will have a meeting to attend this afternoon. (作定語) （7）He went to the library to borrow a book. (作狀語目的狀語) I am very pleased to see you. （作狀語原因狀語） He went th

7、ere only to learn that the class had been cancelled. （作狀語 結(jié)果狀語）,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較不定式和分詞充當(dāng)定語的區(qū)別 它們的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時(shí)間上 The problem discussed (being discussed, to be discussed) at the meeting is of great importance. 在會(huì)上已經(jīng)討論（正在討論，即將討論）的問題具有重要的意義。,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較不定式和分詞充當(dāng)狀語的區(qū)別 不定式多半情況下充當(dāng)目的狀語，有時(shí)用作原因狀語和結(jié)果狀語。 而分詞作狀語時(shí)，根據(jù)位置的不

8、同分別表示兩種意義，用在句首表示原因和時(shí)間，用在句尾表示伴隨或陪襯。,1. John often attends public lectures at Hyde Park，chiefly _ his English. A) improving B) to improve C) improved D) to be improving 2. _ with Paris, New York is very crowded. A) To compare B) Having compared C) To be compared D) Compared,分詞的獨(dú)立主格，或獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。 The workers

9、returned home, their clothes _ wet with sweat. A) to be B) having been C) being D) been,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)定語的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示狀態(tài)，而動(dòng)名詞作定語表示“用途”，或者“功能”。 a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping (主謂關(guān)系) a sleeping car = a car for sleeping (名詞與用途的關(guān)系),非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞充當(dāng)表語的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示“性質(zhì)”和“特征”，因此常翻譯

10、為“令人”; 而過去分詞則表示“狀態(tài)”，“結(jié)果”。 The result of the test is disappointing. 考試結(jié)果令人失望。(具有令人失望的性質(zhì)) They are disappointed with the result of the test. 他們對(duì)考試結(jié)果感到失望。(處于失望的狀態(tài)),非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較不定式和動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)名詞成分區(qū)別 不定式表示的含義比較具體，或者是一次性的活動(dòng)，而動(dòng)名詞表示的意思比較寬泛，或者含有泛指的意義。 I like reading novels. But I dont like to read this kind of nov

11、els. I prefer going to work by bike. But on rainy days, I prefer to go by bus.,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語的比較 English is very difficult for us to learn. (for somebody to do something) John doesnt like his wifes working too late. (somebodys doing something) Tom arriving home, father felt relieved. (somebo

12、dy + 分詞獨(dú)立主格),上述各句中的非謂語動(dòng)詞，如果略去邏輯主語，行為者要么是泛指要么就是句子主語。 English is very difficult to learn. (泛指對(duì)任何人來說) John doesnt like working too late. (指John ) Arriving home, father felt relieved. (指Jack),非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較關(guān)于形式詞it在非謂語動(dòng)詞中的使用 （1）當(dāng)不定式作主語時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常用一個(gè)形式主語it，而將充當(dāng)主語的不定式放到后面去。 To study English well is important. = I

13、t is important to study English well. （2）當(dāng)不定式作賓語而后面還跟有補(bǔ)語時(shí)，必須使用形式賓語it，而將真正作賓語的不定式放到后面去。如： They consider it necessary to study English well.,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較關(guān)于形式詞it在非謂語動(dòng)詞中的使用 （3）當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞做主語的時(shí)候，一般不使用形式主語it。但是當(dāng)表語是表示“有用沒有用”，“值得不值得”，“明智不明智” 意義時(shí)，通常要使用形式主語it，而將作主語的動(dòng)名詞放到后面去。 比較： Studying English well is necessary. (

14、不需要、也不可以用形式主語it，因?yàn)楸碚Znecessary 不屬于上述“有沒有”一類形容詞。) Crying over spilt milk is no use. = It is no use crying over spilt milk. （可以用，因?yàn)閚o use 屬于“有沒有用”一類詞）,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較關(guān)于形式詞it在非謂語動(dòng)詞中的使用 （4）當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)賓語、后面跟有補(bǔ)語的時(shí)候，原則上不可以使用形式賓語it。但是作賓語的動(dòng)名詞后面的補(bǔ)語是表示“有用沒有用”，“值得不值得”，“明智不明智”意義時(shí)，我們則應(yīng)該使用形式主語it，而將做賓語的動(dòng)名詞放到后面去。 比較： They co

15、nsider studying English well important. They consider it worthwhile studying English well.,非謂語動(dòng)詞各種用法的比較非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式比較 不定式 to do something not do something 動(dòng)名詞 doing something not doing something 分 詞 doing something not doing something,非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化形式比較 1）不定式 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doi

16、ng 無 完成式 to have doneto have been done2）動(dòng)名詞 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done 進(jìn)行式 無 無 完成式having donehaving been done,非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化形式比較 3）現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)一般式doing 無 進(jìn)行式 無 完成式having done 無 4）過去分詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)一般式done 無 進(jìn)行式 being done 無 完成式having been done 無 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 動(dòng)名詞，not + 現(xiàn)在分詞,鞏固性練習(xí) 1、選擇題 (說出下列選擇

17、題的答案，并指出各題的考點(diǎn)) 1) _ what to do, he went to the manager for help. A) Not to know B) Not knowing C) Not having known D) Having not knowing 2) Can you imagine _ famous as an actor? A) that the fat boy becomes B) the fat boys becoming C) that the fat boy to become D) the fat boy to become 3) The movie s

18、tar wire dark glasses so as to avoid _. A) being recognized B) to be recognized C) recognized D) recognizing,4) The dormitory _ a year ago is large enough to accommodate 500 students. A) built B) being built C) to have built D) to have been built 5) The librarian doesnt permit _ loudly in the librar

19、y. A) to talk B) talking C) having talking D) to be talking 6) I have no objection to _ the window to get in some fresh air. A) you to open B) your open C) your opening D) your open 7) Documents _ with chemicals will not become yellow with age. A) treating B) treated with C) to treat D) to have been

20、 treated,8) _ by a crowd of spectators (觀眾), the young actress felt a little nervous. A) Watched B) To be watched C) Watching D) Having watched 9) _ with one made of stone, an iron bridge not only looks better but also is stronger. A) Comparing B) Having compared C) To be compared D) Compared 10) Th

21、e last man _ the sinking ship was the captain. A) left B) to leave C) having left D) being left,2、填空題 (說出下列選擇題的答案，并指出各題的考點(diǎn)) 1) The Chairman said, “The plan (discuss) _ now must be kept as a secret.” 2) Green found it difficult (explain) _ his beliefs to Philip. 3) The company is having difficulty in

22、 getting enough properly (qualify) _ staff members. 4) With the pace of life (quicken) _, people find it necessary to take more exercise in order to keep in good health.,5) (not save) _ enough money, he cannot afford to buy his mother a washing machine. 6) They were believed to (discuss) _ the probl

23、em beforehand. 7) The date of my departure was postponed once again because of an (expect) _ snowstorm. 8) (not give) _ the permission to hold a party at home, Mary felt very disappointed. 9) That bridge is said (build) _ hundreds of years ago. 10) The young couple seated in the restaurant seemed (h

24、ave) _ a good time.,1.Tell Mary that theres someone_for her at the door. A.waiting B.waited C.waits D.to wait 2.There is a big dog_to a fence outside the house. A.tying B.tied C.to tie D.ties 3.The_waiter came up to us and said,You are welcome. A.smiling B.smiled C.smile D.to smile 4._the early trai

25、n,youll have to get up early and rush in a taxi. A.Catching B.Caught C.To catch D.Catch ABAC,6.Whether it will do us harm remains_ . A.seen B.seeing C.being seen D.to be seen 7.Whom would you rather have_with you,him or me? A.to be gone B.gone C.going D.go 8.The power station keeps the villages _ wi

26、th electricity. A.supplied B.to supply C.supplying D.having supplied 9.The path in the park looked beautiful, _ with_leaves. A.covered;falling B.covered;fallen C.covering;falling D.covering,fallen DDAB,11.All work is pleasant_when the habit of working is formed. A.done B.doing C.to do D.to be done 1

27、2.The man_in a blue jacket at the party was a doctor. A.put on B.dressed C.had on D.wore 13.People are talking about the new play _in two weeks. A.to be put on B.to put on C.being put on D.put on 14.The man_in the chair asked me to _. A.seated;seated B.sitting;sitting C.seating;seat D.seated;be seat

28、ed CBAD,21.I rushed there in a taxi only_the library_. A.finding;closed B.finding;shutted C.to find;close D.to find;closed 22.Many things_impossible in the past are common today. A.considering B.to consider C.considered D.being considered 23.He must have gone out.I heard the noise of the door_when I was still in bed. A.being locked B.to lock C.locking D.having locked