1、unit 2 working the land learning about language,必修四,_ brown (skin) from spending too much time in the sun _ to make something or somebody free of _ to become larger in size, number or amount,sunburnt,ridof,expand,discovering useful words and expressions,1 find the word or phrase from the text for ea

2、ch of these meanings.,4. _ to make information and ideas known to many people 5. _ would prefer to 6. _ to try extremely hard to achieve something,circulate,would rather,struggle,7. _ to send things to foreign countries for sale 8. _ pleased by having what one wants or needs 9. _ to provide with thi

3、ngs necessary for a certain purpose 10. _ plants grown in large amounts by farmers 11. _ because of,export,satisfied with,equip,crop,thanks to,answers to exercise 2:,1. information: statistics; world: globe 2. strong: super; races: nationalities 3. not having enough food: hunger; sickness: disease 4

4、. a small southeast asian country: vietnam; jobs: occupations 5. open conditions: freedom sold and sent abroad: exported,3 complete the passage with the words below in their proper forms.,disturbing expand output struggle battles grain crops decade equip,in the past _, some of the farmers in the wes

5、t of china have met with some success in the _ against the _ desert. _ with new scientific farming methods,decade,struggle,expanding,equipped,they have been able to use less farmland than in the past. their _ of _ and other _, however, is still the same, which makes it possible for them to use the r

6、emaining farmland for planting trees. these and other farmers are starting to win small _ in the great war against the _ growth of the desert.,output,grain,crops,battles,disturbing,the ing form as the subject and object,grammar,have you ever seen these signs?,parking, spitting, littering, smoking,動(dòng)詞

7、-ing形式,1. 構(gòu)成: 在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ing 。 否定形式: not+ -ing 構(gòu)成 2. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 沒(méi)有人稱和 數(shù)的變化, 但可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 還有 時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。 3. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式由動(dòng)詞加-ing變化而成, 它同時(shí)具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的特征, 在句中可以 作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。,1. 表示經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。如： walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 無(wú)論對(duì)年輕人和老年人來(lái)講, 走路是一種 很好的鍛煉。 watching news on tv h

8、as become a routine for me. 在電視上看新聞已經(jīng)成了 我的一種日常習(xí)慣。,作主語(yǔ),2. -ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常后置, 此時(shí)須用it 作形式主語(yǔ), 用形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ)。 常見(jiàn)的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)有: no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等; 形容詞有: dangerous, worthwhile, useless等。如: its no use making an excuse for this. 為這件事找借口是沒(méi)有用的。 its dangerous swimmi

9、ng in the sea on windy days. 有風(fēng)的天氣在海里游泳是危險(xiǎn)的。,3. 在there is no + ving 的結(jié)構(gòu)中如： there is no hiding of evil but not to do it 若要人不知, 除非己莫為。 there is no joking about such matter. 這種事開不得玩笑。,1、 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表單數(shù)概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 walking after supper is good for your health. 2、 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是指物主代詞、名詞所有格是動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)

10、名詞是其邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。 your coming made us happy. your fathers cooking is very good.,注意,動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作通常是一個(gè)泛指的動(dòng)作, 不定式則通常表示具體的動(dòng)作。 如： 還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)侯, 她就覺(jué)得探視病人是 一種責(zé)任, 也是一種愉悅。 as a child, she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure,動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較：,doing nothing is doing ill 一直不做就是作惡。 he said, “to go on like t

11、his is useless .” 他說(shuō): “繼續(xù)這樣下去是無(wú)用的?！?its an honor for me to be invited to the party. 我很榮幸被邀請(qǐng)參加這個(gè)晚會(huì)。,it +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的 it is/was no good/use doing 做是沒(méi)用處的 it is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得 it is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的 there is no doing. 無(wú)法; 不允許,常用-ing形式作主語(yǔ)的句型,ther

12、e is no sense in doing 做沒(méi)有道理 there is/was no use doing 干無(wú)意義 there is/was nothing worse than doing 沒(méi)有比更糟的 there is/was no point doing 干無(wú)意義,完成句子,1. 玩火危險(xiǎn)。 _ is dangerous. 2. 和他不能開玩笑。 there is _ with him. 3. 這份工作值得一做。 the job _ . 4. 見(jiàn)到你是一件非常高興的事。 _ has been a great pleasure.,playing with fire,no joking,

13、is worth doing,meeting you,1.只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有 avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand等。 如： i cant avoid going have you considered looking for one special friend?,作賓語(yǔ),我們必須設(shè)法避免犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。 we must try to avoid repeat

14、ing the same mistake 晚飯后你想和我一起散步嗎? do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 人們?nèi)滩蛔〕靶δ莻€(gè)愚蠢的人。 people couldnt help laughing foolish man 這類動(dòng)詞還有: excuse, fancy, give up, put off, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。,當(dāng) need, want, require, worth后面接動(dòng)詞-ing也可以表示被動(dòng)。 your hair wants cutting.th

15、e floor requires washing. that novel is not worth reading.,注意,1. i cant imagine _ that with them. a. do b. to do c. being done d. doing,d,2. she looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden. a. visit b. paying a visit c. walk in d. walking in,d,考 例,2. 既可接動(dòng)名詞又可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有: begin, star

16、t, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。 在 like, love, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞之后， 用-ing或不定式意義上沒(méi)有什么不同, 只是側(cè)重 點(diǎn)有些不同, 動(dòng)名詞表示泛指的動(dòng)作, 不定式表示具體的一次性動(dòng)作。 在 begin/start, continue之后, 用動(dòng)名詞和 不定式, 意義無(wú)甚區(qū)別, 尤其是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人的 時(shí)候。,在動(dòng)詞forget, remember, regret之后, 用 動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同。動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作 先于謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生,不定式表示后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如： i reme

17、mber posting the letter 我記得我已把信寄了。 ill remember to post the letter 我會(huì)記著去寄信的。 i shall never forget seeing the famous writer 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記見(jiàn)到過(guò)那位著名作家。,dont forget to write to your mother 不要忘了給你母親寫信。 i regret missing the report 我真后悔沒(méi)趕上那次報(bào)告會(huì)。 i regret to say i cant take your advice 我遺憾地告訴你我不能接受你的建議。,在try, mean

18、之后, 意義各不相同, 如 try to do (設(shè)法), try doing (試試), mean to do (打算, 有意要做), mean doing (意思是, 意味著)。 如:we must try to get everything done in time 我們必須設(shè)法及時(shí)把一切搞好。 lets try doing the working in some other way 我們用別的方法做這工作試試。 i didnt mean to make you angry 我并不想叫你生氣。 your plan would mean spending hours 你的計(jì)劃意味著要花費(fèi)幾

19、個(gè)小時(shí)。,go on doing 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事; go on to do 接著做另一件事。如： please go on doing the same exercise 請(qǐng)接著做這同一個(gè)練習(xí)。 please go on to do the other exercise 請(qǐng)做另外一個(gè)練習(xí)。 stop doing 與 stop to do: stop doing 停止做， stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如: we stopped talking我們停止了交談。 we stopped to talk我們停了下來(lái)去談話。,3. 動(dòng)名詞可與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。 介詞+動(dòng)名詞 如

20、： 我們得想些法子改變?nèi)藗兊牧?xí)慣。 weve got to think of ways of changing peoples habits. 我向你道歉, 剛才對(duì)你那樣生氣。 i apologize for being so angry with you. 離開幾年之后再回到你的家鄉(xiāng), 感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)怪。 after being away for several years, it is a strange experience to return to the hometown.,動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞 如： 我堅(jiān)持為這次出行帶足需要的食物。 i insist on taking proper fo

21、od for this trip 同學(xué)們臉上沒(méi)有笑容, 相反都做了怪臉。 instead of smiling, each of them made a face,下列短語(yǔ)中的to都是介詞, 所以后面跟名詞 或-ing形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to, be used to等。,i am looking forward to hearing from you soon. 我希望能盡快收到你的來(lái)信。 he devoted himself to cr

22、eating a new super hydrid. 他致力于創(chuàng)造出一種新的超級(jí)水稻。,lets talk about our friends! remember to use verb-ing as much as possible.,is his/her job every day. he/she enjoys he/she is interested in he/she dreams of he/she hates makes him/her happy/sad. he/she cares about ,exercises,用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。 its no good _(try

23、) to remember grammatical rules. you need to practice what you have learned. 2. the suspect (嫌疑犯) at last admitted _ (steal) the necklace. 3. _(make) friends is a necessary part in our life. 4. i will never forget _(go) to beijing with him last summer. 5. i forgot _(tell) her the news; so she knew n

24、othing about it.,trying,stealing,making,going,to tell,6. i still remember _ (take) to a concert by liu dehua when i was five. 7. he succeed in _(persuade) her to do the job. 8. the book is worth _(read) a second time. 9. we are looking forward to _(hear) from mr. li. 10. his _(not get) to the statio

25、n on time made everyone worried last week.,being taken,persuading,reading,hearing,not getting,1. it took the workmen only two hours to finish _ my car. a. repairing b. repair c. to repair d. repaired,a,選擇最佳答案。,2. keep on _ and you will succeed. a. a try b. try c. to trying d. trying,d,3. his parents

26、 insist on _ to college. a. he should go b. he go c. his going d. him to go,c,4. though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth _. a. being bought b. buying c. to buy d. buying it,b,5. the microscope is used for _ minute objects. a. examining b. being examined c. examined d. examine,a,6. he attended t

27、he party without _. a. invited b. inviting c. having invited d. being invited,d,7. by _, water can be changed into gas. a. heating b. being heated c. having heated d. heated,b,8. the classroom needs _. a. clean b. cleaned c. to clean d. to be cleaned,d,9. your clothes need _. a. washed b. to be wash

28、ed c. to wash d. being washed,b,10. once the heart stops _, death follows at once. a. beating b. to beat c. being beaten d. to be beating,a,11. i remembered _ this person somewhere before. a. seeing b. having been seen c. seen d. to see,a,12. i regret _ that to her. she must be crying now. a. having

29、 said b. to have said c. to say d. said,a,13. have you forgotten _ $1,000 from me last month? will you please remember _ it tomorrow? a. borrowing; to bring b. to borrow; bring c. borrowed; bringing d. borrowing; bringing,a,14. he devoted his life to _ the atomic theory. a. study b. be studied c. st

30、udying d. have studied,c,15. you must pay attention to _ the works of lu xun. a. read b. reading c. reader d. be read,b,16. we are both looking forward to _ next week. a. going on vocation b. go on vocation c. be going on vocation d. have gone on vocation,a,17. mike has got used _ up late at night.

31、a. to sit b. sit c. to sitting d. sitting,c,18. the story was so funny that we _. a. couldnt help laugh b. cant but laugh c. couldnt help laughing d. couldnt help but to laugh,c,19. on land many objects prevent sound _ very far. a. to travel b. travel c. from travelling d. to travelling,c,20. he was

32、 afraid _ for being late. a. of seeing b. of being seen c. to be seen d. to have seen,b,21. she returned home only to find the door open and something _ . a. missed b. to be missing c. missing d. to be missed,c,22. writing stories and articles _ what i enjoy most. a. is b. are c. was d. were,a,23. _

33、 provides us with essential nutrients (營(yíng)養(yǎng)), while _ provides us with oxygen. a. to eat; breathing b. eating; to breathe c. eating; breathing d. eaten; breathed,c,book p13 ex2,1. helping people in need is nice. 2. growing super hydrid rice is not easy. 3. learning more about farming is not difficult. 4. doing research in the countryside is not as easy as in the city. 5. getting rid of hunger is very important for some african countries.,ex 4,