1、年號(hào)的讀法：,1979nineteen seventy-nine / nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;,e.g.：in the 1840s in the 60s,讀作：in the eighteen forties （十九世紀(jì)四十年代）,年代的讀法：,讀作：in the sixties（本世紀(jì)六十年代）,指十年（decade），采用 “基數(shù)詞加上十位數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)” 的形式來(lái)表示，前面與介詞 “in” 和定冠詞 “the” 搭配。,exercise 3,鈉 鉀 磷 氨 聚合物 聚乙烯,氯化物 粘度 烴 催化劑 煉油廠 添加劑,sodium potassium p

2、hosphorus ammonia polymer polyethylene,chloride viscosity hydrocarbon catalyst refinery additive,unit 3 typical activities of chemical engineers,chemical engineers and chemist,what is the classical role of the chemical engineer? what are the differences between the work of chemists and that of chemi

3、cal engineers? what are the relationships between chemical engineers and chemists? why should chemical engineers work with other engineers?,questions：,what is the classical role of the chemical engineer?,faq,the classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist i

4、n the laboratory and develop them into money-making, commercial-scale chemical process.,化學(xué)工程師的典型職責(zé)是接受化學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中所完成的發(fā)現(xiàn)并開(kāi)發(fā)它們成為賺錢的，商業(yè)規(guī)模的化學(xué)過(guò)程。,what are the differences between chemical engineers and chemists?,faq,the chemist works in test tubes and parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants and pr

5、oducts, usually running “batch”, constant-temperature experiments. the chemical engineers typically work with much larger quantities of material and with very large (and expensive) equipment.,what are the relationships between chemical engineers and chemists?,faq,the chemical engineer is often invol

6、ved in “scaling up” a chemist-developed small-scale reactor and separation system to a very large commercial plant the chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist,the chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process

7、 and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed to design, operate, and optimize the process.,反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù) 物理性質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù) 設(shè)計(jì)、操作和優(yōu)化過(guò)程,why should chemical engineers work with other engineers?,faq,the chemical engineer must also work closely with mechanical, e

8、lectrical, civil, and metallurgical engineers in order to design and operate the physical equipment in a plantthe reactors, tanks, distillation columns, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, control and instrumentation devices, and so on。,機(jī)械、電子、土木、冶金等工程師,chemist： test tubes, parr bombs, small contain

9、er small qualities of reactants and products catalyst , samples,chemical engineer： large equipment, distillation columns larger qualities of material often involved in “scaling up” work closely with the chemistand other engineers,what are the typical activities of chemical engineers?,to commercializ

10、e the laboratory chemistry, the chemical engineer is involved in development, design, construction, operation, sales, and research.,typical activities of chemical engineers,development,design,construction,operation,sales,research,1. development,what is development? what do chemical engineers do in t

11、his part？ why do we need pilot plant in the development?,words and expressions,reactor scale-up problem mixing imperfection temperature gradients materials of construction measurement techniques process control strategies,反應(yīng)器,放大問(wèn)題,攪拌不均勻,溫度梯度,建造物料,測(cè)量技術(shù),工藝過(guò)程控制策略,1. development,development is the inter

12、mediate step required in passing from a laboratory-size process to a commercial-size process. development is usually part of the commercialization of a chemical process because “scale-up” problem is a very difficult one,what is development ?,1. development,the chemical engineer works with the chemis

13、t and a team of other engineers to design, construct and operate the pilot plant. once the pilot plant is operational, evaluate the process from an economic point of view,chemical engineers activities,1. development,the pilot plant offers the opportunity to evaluate materials of , measurement techni

14、ques, and process control strategies. the experimental findings in the pilot plant can be used to improve the design of the full-scale plant,functions of the “pilot-plant”,建造材料,測(cè)量技術(shù),工藝過(guò)程控制策略,2. design,what is design? what do chemical engineers do in this part？ whats the product of design stage?,2. d

15、esign,based on the experience and data obtained in the laboratory and the pilot plant, a team of engineers is assembled to design the commercial plant.,what is design?,基于實(shí)驗(yàn)室和中試廠獲得的實(shí)驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)，工程師們集中起來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)工業(yè)廠,2. design,the chemical engineers job is to specify all process flow rates and conditions, equipment

16、types and sizes, materials of construction, process configurations, control system, safety systems, environmental protection systems, and other relevant specifications.,chemical engineers activities,流速和條件 建造材料 控制系統(tǒng) 環(huán)境保護(hù)系統(tǒng),2. design,products of the design stage,(1) flow sheets (2) p and i drawings (3

17、) equipment specification sheets,工藝流程圖,儀器和管線圖,設(shè)備的詳細(xì)圖表,3. construction process,construction phase,check-out phase,startup period,major pieces of equipment,distillation columns heat exchanger pump compressor instrumental sensors automatic control valve,the construction phase is the assembling of all t

18、he components into a complete plant,3.construction,a very exciting and rewarding time for most engineers. seeing your ideas being translated from paper into reality engineers usually on shift work during the startup period.,chemical engineers activities,3.construction,results,once the plant has been

19、 successfully operated at its rated performance, it is turned over to the operating or manufacturing department for routine production of products,額定性能,正常（常規(guī)）生產(chǎn),4. manufacturing,chemical engineers occupy a central position plant technical service groups are responsible for the technical aspects of r

20、unning an efficient and safe plant,operations, production,4. manufacturing,chemical engineers activities,run capacity and performance tests determine bottlenecks and remove them reduce operating cost study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution,測(cè)試設(shè)備的容量和性能,5.technical sale

21、s,call on customers make recommendations on particular products to fill customers needs being sure that orders are handled smoothly,sales engineer is the companys representative and must know the companys product line well.,6.research,work with chemist in developing new or improved product develop n

22、ew and improved engineering methods work on improved sensors for on-line physical property measurements study alternative process configurations and equipment,chemical engineers activities,assignment what do chemical engineers do in manufacturing？ translate finish exercises 3 and 4 on your textbook preview unit 4,scale-up,figure of reactor structure for ammonia,laboratory,pilot plant,commercial plant,the flow sheet,show all the equipment schematically with all streams labeled, conditions specified (flow rate, temperature, pressure, compos