1、Words Translation and Context,Pre-task In NPC&CPPCC( the national peoples congress and Chinese peoples political consultative conference) this year, Lu Xinhua, the speaker of CPPCC, adopted the word “任性” to reply the question of anti-corruption, which aroused a hot discussion in translation area.,Tr

2、y to translate the following sentence and compare it with Zhangs version, then discuss the advantages and shortcomings of Zhangs version. Lu: 大家都支持，有老虎的話，把他拉出來，大家都很任性。在這一點(diǎn)上，沒有分歧。 Zhang: I should say, the Party, the government, and the general public actually adopt the same attitude when it comes to

3、anti-corruption. So we can be said to be capricious fighting against corruption, and we are entitled to be so.,任性：unruly, headstrong, self-willed, capricious We are determined to carry through the anti-corruption campaign. From this discussion, we know that Chinese words and English words are not co

4、rresponding one to one. When doing translation, we should consider the context again and again.,semantic comparison between C&E,1. word for word correspondence bus 公共汽車 airport 機(jī)場 taxi 出租車 chemistry 化學(xué) 2. semantic partly corresponding cat: she is an old cat. 她是個脾氣很壞的老太婆。 she is a cat. 她是個心地狠毒的女人。,3.

5、 semantically different (部分或完全不對應(yīng)) Commuter 局長，所長，主任,1. Context,1) the context of something consists of the ideas, situations, events, or information that relate to it and make it possible to understand it fully. (2) if something is seen in context or if it is put into context, it is considered with

6、 all the factors that are related to it rather than just being considered on its own, so that it can be properly understood.,所謂語境，即語言的交際環(huán)境。最早提出語境理論的是倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院人類學(xué)教授馬林諾夫斯基（Malinowski），他把語境分為三類，即 語言語境（詞、句、段等構(gòu)成的上下文linguistic context） 情景語境（語篇產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境，即交際情境situational context, The relevant features of the parti

7、cipants, the relevant topics including objects, events, and non-linguistic, non-human events are all parts of the situational context.） 文化語境（即語篇涉及的社會文化cultural context）。,2. Context and Translation,1) Read the words according to context 根據(jù)語境確定詞義 搭配(collocation) 指的是語言系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各個語言成分的同現(xiàn)和組合，是語言環(huán)境的重要組成成分。根據(jù)詞語的

8、搭配關(guān)系(即詞語所處的語言環(huán)境）確定詞義是在翻譯的理解階段辨析詞義時經(jīng)常采用的手段。,例：只有當(dāng)雙方談話投機(jī)，希望繼續(xù)交往時，才會主動掏出名片。二話不說先遞名片反倒有些勉強(qiáng)。（名片） Note：如果按常見的對應(yīng)詞譯成speculative, initiative, without a word, reluctant之類，從原文的語境來說，詞不達(dá)意。 “投機(jī)”在這個特定語境中指雙方談話趣味相投，“勉強(qiáng)”是指這種做法顯得唐突不妥，“主動”則可以體現(xiàn)在上下文語境中而不必譯出，“二話不說”指還沒有談上幾句話。,據(jù)以上分析，這句話可譯成： 只有當(dāng)雙方談話投機(jī)，希望繼續(xù)交往時，才會主動掏出名片。二話不說先

9、遞名片反倒有些勉強(qiáng)。 Only when they are both interested in their talk and desire to continue their friendship, will they exchange their visiting cards. It will seem somewhat improper to present ones visiting card before any real conversation gets under way.,例2 佃農(nóng)家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母親的聰明能干，卻舒服。 The life of a tena

10、nt farmers family was of course hard, but it was somehow comfortable because mother was a clever and able woman. ., but we somehow managed to scrape along /scratch along/ keep our body and soul together. because mother was a clever and able woman.,Cultural context and meaning: 例3. 由于作者水平有限，本書錯誤觀點(diǎn)在所難

11、免，希望讀者批評指正。 譯文1：Due to limited level of knowledge, mistakes and omissions are unavoidable. We welcome suggestions and criticisms. 譯文2：Suggestions for improvement will be gratefully received.,2) context and polysemes (語境與詞義的選擇） 多義詞（polysemantic word）指“具有兩個或兩個以上相互關(guān)聯(lián)的義項的詞”，多義詞是語言中的普遍現(xiàn)象。同一詞語要結(jié)合具體語境分析看是否

12、會有不同的含義，是否要用不同的譯詞來表達(dá)，要盡量使譯文用詞符合譯語規(guī)范。,例句：背影 1）我與父親不相見已二年余，我最不能忘記的是他的背影。 2）這時我看見他的背影，我的眼淚很快流下來了。 3）等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再也找不著了，我便進(jìn)來坐下. 4）我讀到此處，在晶瑩的淚光中，又看見了那胖胖的，青布棉袍，黑布馬褂的背影。,3）等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再也找不著了，我便進(jìn)來坐下. I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to an

13、d fro and no longer visible. 4）我讀到此處，在晶瑩的淚光中，又看見了那胖胖的，青布棉袍，黑布馬褂的背影。 Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes, I again saw the back of fathers corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket.,1）我與父親不相見已二年余，我最不能忘記的是他的背影。 It

14、 is more than two years since I last saw father and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. 2）這時我看見他的背影，我的眼淚很快流下來了。 While I was watching him from the behind, tears gushed from my eyes.,3) Context and ambiguity (語境和消除歧義) 歧義往往源于詞語本身的多義性（polysemy）以及語境中各語言成分之間不同搭配關(guān)系所帶來的變化。在書面語中，消除歧義主要依靠對語言語境（即

15、上下文）進(jìn)行詳盡的分析。,例：“你們算了！”老師笑著說，“算了！算了！” “我 們 算 了 ！我 們 算 了 ，我 們 算 出 來 了！” “你 們 算 啦 ， 好 啦 好 啦 ，我 是 說 你 們 算 了 吧 ，白 費(fèi) 這 個 力 氣 做 什 么 ？你 們 這 些 卷 子 我 們 是 看 也 不 會 看 的 ，用 不 著 看 的 ，那 么 容 易 嗎 ？” （徐 遲 哥 德 巴 赫 猜 想）,第一句中老師笑著所說的“算了”一詞可能有兩種解釋：一是老師激動地發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生們正在驗算哥德巴赫猜想，意為“已經(jīng)演算了”，二是老師勸學(xué)生們不要再嘗試去證明哥德巴赫猜想，意為“不要再嘗試了”。如果單獨(dú)看前面兩句

16、話，譯者很難判斷“算了”應(yīng)譯為“Forget about it”還是“You did it”。但當(dāng)進(jìn)一步讀到下文中老師說的“白費(fèi)這個力氣做什么？”時，“算了”一詞的確切含義不言自明。,practice,他說自己才疏學(xué)淺，這只不過是中國人的客氣罷了。 他昨天擦破了皮，現(xiàn)在到醫(yī)院換藥去了。 我們找個安靜點(diǎn)的地方好好聊聊。 你希望留在部隊還是到地方上去？ 貴州具有豐富的礦產(chǎn)、生物和旅游資源：礦產(chǎn)資源，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良；生物資源，種類繁多；旅游資源，絢麗多姿。,He describe himself as incompetent and unlearned. This is merely typical Chinese modesty. He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressings in the hospital. Lets find somewhere quiet so we can have a g