1、,議論文包括三個(gè)要素：論點(diǎn)、 論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)是作者對所議論 的問題所持的見解和主張，論據(jù)是用來證明論點(diǎn)的事實(shí)和道理，論證是用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程，也就是論述的方法。它有：歸納法，推理法、人們常用的方法是對照法，即把正反兩方面相互對照，然后加以分析，以說明事物；駁論法，先列出錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，然后加以逐條批駁，最后闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)。,議 論 文,議論文有時(shí)也要運(yùn)用說明、敘述、描寫等手法。但記述和描寫是為論點(diǎn)提供根據(jù)的。因此，敘述是概括的，描寫是簡要的。,議論文體的書面表達(dá)試題一般都有具體要點(diǎn)（即論點(diǎn)或論據(jù)）的限定，并不需要考生縱橫捭闔、旁征博引。但是，一篇100字左右的議論文，同樣要求邏輯嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、

2、語言洗練；必須論有中心，言而有據(jù)。下面先從其篇章結(jié)構(gòu)方面談?wù)剬懞靡黄∽h論文的基本方法與技巧。,一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu),1.遵循寫作規(guī)律 主題句 正面論述反面論述結(jié)論 指論點(diǎn) 指論據(jù) (實(shí)事和道理）,就學(xué)校規(guī)定(課余時(shí)間學(xué)生只能呆在自己的教室里)的話題展開論述,步驟如下：,表明作者觀點(diǎn) 第一段,正面 論述 “課間不能只呆在教室里”的理由。,I would argue that break times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do,第二段,第三段,批駁反面觀點(diǎn)或進(jìn)一步闡述正面觀點(diǎn),Another reason why peopl

3、e say that children have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be difficult to organize dinners if they are out.,最后 用 不 同 的 語 言 再 次 強(qiáng) 調(diào) 正 面 觀 點(diǎn) 。,2. 確保論證直接為主題服務(wù),在上例中，“學(xué)生課間不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主題句，論述時(shí)應(yīng)該牢牢抓住這一中心。切不可跑題，寫成流水賬，使中心渙散。如：,也許有同學(xué)會這樣寫：“學(xué)生若在課間大范圍地活動，就可交到更多的朋友，交到更多朋友就可以學(xué)習(xí)到更多知識，學(xué)到更

4、多知識就可對社會做出更大貢獻(xiàn)”。這種論述方式每一句都是對前一句的承接，貌似環(huán)環(huán)相扣，承前啟后，實(shí)際上是中心渙散的流水賬。,3. 確立并寫好分論點(diǎn),分論點(diǎn)一般置于段首；以保證文章綱舉目張、條理清晰。如：,Some students regard it as a great helper. Since there is a lot of information on line, you can surf the internet for any information you need in a short time without working hard in the library. It

5、is also,very convenient to communicate with others by using the internet,Continued,However, other students think that there is some information on line that is not good for the students. In addition, spending too much time playing games on line will not only have a bad effect on study but also do ha

6、rm to our health.,Therefore, we should make proper use of the Internet. It is of great importance for us to separate good plants from wild weeds.,結(jié)論,Practice (31),現(xiàn)在很多中學(xué)生出國留學(xué)。據(jù)環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)報(bào)道，澳大利亞駐華使館2002年簽發(fā)的留學(xué)簽證有50%給了高中生。假設(shè)你是學(xué)生李華，請給某報(bào)編輯寫一封信，根據(jù)以下所給要求，明確表示贊成還是反對中學(xué)生出國留學(xué)（只能選一種觀點(diǎn)）。,贊成：1、與中國相比，國外教育有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)， 如： 2、在國外

7、接受教育，可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生多方 面的能力，如： 反對：1、與中國教育相比，國外教育可能存在 諸多問題，如： 2、過早留學(xué)，可能給學(xué)生在精神上、學(xué) 習(xí)上及經(jīng)濟(jì)上造成諸多負(fù)面影響，如：,贊成,Dear editor, I think it is good to send teenagers abroad for further study.,分論點(diǎn),Compared with Chinas education, foreign education has many advantages.,Details,1 2 3,Closing,( 這是全文的論點(diǎn)或稱為主題句),反對,主論點(diǎn),Dear editor

8、. I dont think it is good to send teenagers ,分論點(diǎn),Compared with Chinas education, foreign education has many problems.,Detailed,123,Closing,請看下面兩個(gè)描寫“ 居住在城市的好處”的例子。, Firstly, it is very convenient in daily life. There are many shops and supermarkets in a city. I can buy everything I need easily in the

9、se places. When I am sick, I can easily see a doctor in any clinic or hospital. Transport services are good in a city. When I want to go somewhere, I can take a bus or train or something else. There are also many kinds of entertainment in a city. Public buildings (such as libraries) and parks can ea

10、sily be found in a city., First, it is convenient and comfortable to live in a city. To begin with, there is good housing in a city, and all the houses and flats are well equipped with good facilities and surrounded by modern amenities 令人愉快之事物 such as places of entertainment, public libraries and pa

11、rks.,Question: Which do you think is better, the first or the second? Why?,二、學(xué)習(xí)寫起始句 Learning how to write a beginning,假如你是某報(bào)的小記者，近來對大學(xué)生的就業(yè)觀點(diǎn)及專家的看法進(jìn)行了采訪。請根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn)為報(bào)社寫一篇報(bào)道。,什么人做了什么事 涉及到什么問題焦點(diǎn)是什么或作者的觀點(diǎn)是什么? ? ?,Recently I have had an interview with some university students and experts about their opinions

12、 on job choosing.,Example 1. (28),Example 2（21）,假設(shè)你是某中學(xué)英文報(bào)的小記者，對中學(xué)生課外上網(wǎng)的利弊進(jìn)行調(diào)查采訪。以下是學(xué)生們對上網(wǎng)的看法，請你根據(jù)它們的觀點(diǎn)寫一篇簡要的調(diào)查報(bào)告，并呼吁正確使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。,Ive had an interview with some students about the advantages and disadvantages of getting on line (surfing the Internet) out of class. Some students regard it as a great help

13、er.,With the development of compu- ter technology, the Internet has be- come more and more popular. (more and more students like surfing the Internet for any information they need.) Some students regard it as a great helper. ,Example 3 (9),假設(shè)你是李華，最近你校同學(xué)就如何處置公共場所吸煙、吐痰等不文明行為展開了討論。爭議在于是該提醒還是該罰款。請給某報(bào)社寫一

14、封信，客觀介紹討論的情況。,Dear editor, Im writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about how to deal with bad behaviors in public, like smoking and spitting. That is , to remind or to fine.,三班的同學(xué)進(jìn)行了 一場有關(guān)英語學(xué)習(xí)的討論。討論的題目是： 學(xué)習(xí)英語要不要從兒童時(shí)期開始？請你根據(jù) 下面的提示寫一篇短文，介紹討論的情況。,即學(xué)即練,一些同學(xué)認(rèn)為： 1.應(yīng)從兒童時(shí)期開始學(xué)習(xí)英語 2.兒童時(shí)期記憶力

15、好，可以記住很多單詞 3.能為以后的英語學(xué)習(xí)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ) 另一些同學(xué)認(rèn)為： 1.不應(yīng)從兒童時(shí)期開始學(xué)習(xí)英語 2.兒童時(shí)期即要學(xué)漢語拼音又要學(xué)英語,易混淆 3.會影響漢語學(xué)習(xí) 結(jié)論：討論未取得一致意見,注意!,3. 詞數(shù)：100左右 4. 參考詞匯： 打基礎(chǔ) lay a solid foundation 漢語拼音 Chinese pinyin,1. 組織文章的起始句，明確寫出主論點(diǎn)：,2. 分論點(diǎn),Details,One possible version The students of Class 3 had a discussion about whether it is necessary

16、 to start learning English from childhood. Some of them think that English learning should start from childhood. As little boys and girls have very good memory, they can learn a lot of English words by heart. This will help them lay a solid foundation for their future English learning. But others do

17、 not agree. Young children have to learn Chinese pinyin at school. If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time,It will be very easy for them to mix them up. This will do a lot of harm not only to their Chinese learning but also to their future English learning. In short, the students h

18、ave not arrived at any agreement yet. （No agreement was reached.),三、詞匯運(yùn)用,1、多用書面語，少用口頭語。因?yàn)槭褂?書面語言用詞更加規(guī)范、正式，表達(dá) 效果上較口頭語略勝一籌。如：,1) We still have social problems. The same social problem still exists today. 2) With the development of computer technology, commercial information exchange is becoming easier

19、. Computers have greatly influenced business communication.,2. 使用連接詞,列舉理由時(shí)運(yùn)用表示順序的詞語：如：first of all, second, most important of all等,可以使文章脈絡(luò)更加清晰。,First of all, it was hot.Second, it was ugly. Most important of all, the room smelt bad.,使用連接詞可使表達(dá)層次分明, The water was polluted. As a result, the fish died.

20、However, others think we should have junk 肉類food. On the other hand, packaging 包裝can have many disadvantages.,3、巧妙過渡、銜接,The main reason for that is the lack of space on the playground. . It is also important to think about the development of the year six childrens. In conclusion, I feel the year sixes playing football on the field .,確定文體、文章的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、格式以及標(biāo)題。,2.分析、確定文章的要點(diǎn)。即反、正方的 觀點(diǎn),4.認(rèn)真審題，正確理解提示語，對有提示語的作文題目，必須根據(jù)提示，圍繞中心準(zhǔn)確表達(dá).,四、總結(jié)寫作技巧,3. 對行文所需材料（詞匯、短語、句型等） 要心中有數(shù)；對可能出現(xiàn)的困難要盡早 發(fā)現(xiàn)，以便及時(shí)調(diào)整思路（adjust the train of thought),Practice 38. 17,某英語報(bào)正在就中學(xué)生可不可以帶手機(jī)上學(xué)這一話題開展討論。假如你是李華請你根據(jù)下表所提供的信息，向該報(bào)編輯寫一封英文信，發(fā)表觀