1、語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn),虛擬語(yǔ)氣 Subjunctive Mood,1,I.什么是語(yǔ)氣？,語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某種言行或某種事情的看法或態(tài)度。 英語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣：陳述語(yǔ)氣，祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 陳述語(yǔ)氣一般用來(lái)講述事實(shí)或提出疑問(wèn)。常常用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句。 e.g. I took a shower after supper. What are you going to do? What a beautiful flower!,2,祈使語(yǔ)氣主要用于祈使句。 e.g. Get out of here! 虛擬語(yǔ)氣,3,II. 什么是虛擬語(yǔ)氣？,虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話

2、不是事實(shí)，而是想象、假設(shè)、建議、打算、意見(jiàn)、愿望、懷疑、推測(cè)、喜悅等等。 e.g. If we had met her last night, we would have told her what had happened. 如果我們昨晚見(jiàn)到她，我們就會(huì)告訴她發(fā)生了什么事。 （實(shí)際上，我們并沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她，也沒(méi)有告訴她所發(fā)生的事。）,4,為什么要學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣？,虛擬語(yǔ)氣是四級(jí)考試中重點(diǎn)考察的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。歷年四級(jí)考試中，僅僅單項(xiàng)填空部分就一共出現(xiàn)了48道虛擬語(yǔ)氣的題目！,5,II. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的最基本形式,非真實(shí)性條件句是虛擬語(yǔ)氣最基本的表現(xiàn)形式。 i. 由“if” 來(lái)引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句 組成方式： 非

3、真實(shí)的條件從句 + 假設(shè)結(jié)果（主句）,6,最基本形式的表達(dá)方式,種類 從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 would/should/ （be的過(guò)去式常用 might/could + were有時(shí)第三人 動(dòng)詞原形 稱單數(shù)可用was) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞 would/should/ might/could + have + 過(guò)去分詞 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 1.動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 would/should/ 2.should+動(dòng)詞原形 might/could + 3.were to+動(dòng)詞原形 動(dòng)詞原形,7,注意,在主句中，should一般只與第一人稱搭配，could和might

4、各人稱都可以使用，但would是最普遍，最常見(jiàn)的。,8,Examples,如果他在這里，他就會(huì)幫助我們。 If he were here, he would help us. 如果昨天沒(méi)下雨，我們就去踢足球了。 If it had not rained yesterday, we would have played football. 如果敵人膽敢襲擊我們，我們將把他們?nèi)麥纭?If the enemy were to (should) attack us,we would wipe them out completely.,9,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 1,例：1995年6月四級(jí)第46題We didnt k

5、now his telephone number, otherwise we _ him, A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephone D) had telephoned,10,解題思路,本題是與過(guò)去時(shí)相反的虛擬句，從句中用過(guò)去完成式，主句中用would have done。 本句相當(dāng)于If we had known his telephone number，we would have telephoned him。答案是A) would have telephoned。,11,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 2,例：199

6、6年1月四級(jí)第44題Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A. has to get B. had got C. were to get D. could have got,12,解題思路,本句的意思是：“瓊不想馬上就工作，她認(rèn)為要是找了工作，就不能經(jīng)常探訪她的朋友了”。 這說(shuō)明，瓊目前沒(méi)有工作。 句中假設(shè)的情況在近期內(nèi)并不會(huì)存在。該條件句應(yīng)當(dāng)用表示將來(lái)情況的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

7、。 條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用should或were to引出。 因此C. were to get 是本題答案。 選項(xiàng)A. has to get是陳述語(yǔ)氣的現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用于虛擬條件句中。選項(xiàng)B. had got是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的過(guò)去時(shí)，不能表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。選項(xiàng)D. could have got不能用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件從句中。,13,ii. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句,有時(shí)虛擬條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句發(fā)生的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上不一致。例如，一個(gè)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，另一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。這種句子可稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。 這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。 e.g. If he were alive now, he might h

8、ave finished his scientific researches on the bridge building three years ago. 如果他現(xiàn)在還活著，他可能三年前就完成了他的橋梁建筑科研工作了。,14,More examples,要是昨天不下雪的話，我們現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該在去上海的路上了。 If it had not snowed yesterday, we would be on the way to Shanghai. 要是昨天晚上醫(yī)生來(lái)晚了的話，他今天就沒(méi)命了。 If the doctor had not come sooner last night, he would

9、 be dead today.,15,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 3,1999年一月四級(jí)題： If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you now. A. wouldnt be smiling B. wont smile C. couldnt have smiled D. didnt smile,16,解題思路,這是一道錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句。 在本句中，從句是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行假設(shè)，主句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)。 譯文：當(dāng)你掉下來(lái)時(shí)，如果不是我在梯子下面把你接住，恐怕你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)笑了。選A,17,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 2,If you had

10、taken your medicine yesterday, you _ well now. A. are B. had been C. would be D. were 正確答案: C,18,iii. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝省略“if”的條件句,考試重點(diǎn) 最常見(jiàn)的形式：“if”引導(dǎo)的條件句 但是，我們經(jīng)?？梢钥吹健癷f”被省略掉而把were, had, should, could放在主語(yǔ)前面的條件句。 這種句型與“if”引導(dǎo)的條件句在表達(dá)意思上無(wú)任何區(qū)別。只是這種句型主要用于書面語(yǔ)。,19,A case in Point,P. 37 (l. 28) in College English II. Un

11、it 3 Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. = If it were left to me to decide,20,倒裝虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法,如果條件從句中含有were, had, should或could, 可以省略連詞if, 把這些詞放在主語(yǔ)之前構(gòu)成倒裝句。 e.g. 假如我是你的話，我

12、課后就多做練習(xí)。 Were I (= If I were) you, I would do more exercises after class,21,注意！,如果條件從句是否定式，倒裝時(shí)只能把not 放在主語(yǔ)之后，不能用縮寫式把not 放在主語(yǔ)之前。 e.g. Had you not told me about the matter, I should never have known the whole thing. (不能說(shuō)：Hadnt you told me),22,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 4,例：1997年6月四級(jí)第42題：Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.

13、A. must have got through B. would have got throughC. would get through D. could get through,23,解題思路,本題前半句是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句，后半句是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主句。 相當(dāng)于：If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.本題的答案是B. would have got through。 選項(xiàng)A. must have got through（肯定通過(guò)）表示一種對(duì)過(guò)去事情的主觀推測(cè)，不是與過(guò)去事情相反的情況。另

14、外，must不能用在虛擬條件句中。 選項(xiàng)C. 和D. would / could get through（就會(huì)通過(guò)）是虛擬語(yǔ)氣現(xiàn)在時(shí)的一種表示方法，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。,24,iiii.含蓄虛擬條件句,在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，有的句子可能沒(méi)有明顯的由“if”引導(dǎo)的條件從句，但是，仔細(xì)一分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)句子中隱含著一個(gè)條件，這種句子稱為含蓄條件句 含蓄的條件可以用下列方式來(lái)表達(dá)： （1）介詞或介詞短語(yǔ) 常見(jiàn)的有：but for（要不是）, with, without, in that position（在那個(gè)位置）, in the absence of（沒(méi)有）, under, in, for the fear

15、 of,25,e.g. But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. = If it had not been for your help, 如果沒(méi)有你的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)不會(huì)成功。 沒(méi)有空氣就不會(huì)有風(fēng)和雨 Without air, there would be no wind or rain. = If there were no air, 如果條件更好一些，我們會(huì)做得更好。 Under a better condition, we would have done much better.,26,(2) 連接詞,

16、常見(jiàn)的可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的連接詞有:and, but, but that, or, or else, other, otherwise(否則)等。 e.g. Im really busy; otherwise, I would certainly go with you. =if I werent so busy,27,要不是由于交通事故，我就不會(huì)上課遲到了。（我本來(lái)上課不會(huì)遲到的，可是發(fā)生了交通事故）。 I would not have been late for class but there was a terrible traffic accident. 我本來(lái)可以寫信給你的，可我沒(méi)

17、有時(shí)間。 I would have written to you, but there was no time. = If there had been time, I would have written to you.,28,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 5,2001年1月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)題目： Some women a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must makeB. should have made C. would make

18、D. could have made,29,解題思路,本題涉及由but引導(dǎo)的暗含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。 我們從but后的陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“decided”中可看出，這是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)。 因此but前面主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 “should (ought to, could, might) + have done”，表示該動(dòng)作本來(lái)應(yīng)該發(fā)生而實(shí)際未發(fā)生。答案是D 譯文：如果不呆在家里，有些婦女本可獲得可觀的薪水，但是為了家庭，她們才不去工作。,30,III. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式是這一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目的難點(diǎn)。 說(shuō)它難是因?yàn)閺倪壿嬎季S和語(yǔ)言使用習(xí)慣上同漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有明顯的聯(lián)

19、系。但是這種特殊形式在四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高。 它的表達(dá)方式有如下幾個(gè)方面：,31,i. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在 as if, as though, 等引導(dǎo)的從句中的應(yīng)用,As if, as though可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句，表示猜測(cè)，假定，聯(lián)想等等。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在as if, as though引導(dǎo)的從句中的表現(xiàn)方式大致有三種： (a) 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí) (b) had + 過(guò)去分詞 (C) would （或might) + 動(dòng)詞原形,32,e.g. He talks as if he knew all about it. 他談起來(lái)好象全知道似的。 我記得整件事情，好象就發(fā)生在昨天似的。 I r

20、emember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. She cried as if her heart would break. as if, as though引導(dǎo)的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，這特別是當(dāng)表示的情況是真實(shí)的，或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大的時(shí)候。 She looks as if she were sick. (實(shí)際上沒(méi)有?。?She looks as if she is sick. (實(shí)際上可能或的確是病了）,33,ii.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用,在“It is + 某些形容詞（或過(guò)去分詞）+主語(yǔ)從句”的句型中，主語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞形

21、式用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形 （should可以省略）”。 常用的形容詞有：necessary, important, essential, obligatory, vital, impossible, strange, urgent, desirable, natural, advisable, preferable等等 常用的過(guò)去分詞通常是表示提議、要求、命令等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。例如：decided, arranged, suggested, required, demanded, urged, proposed, recommended, ordered, desired, advis

22、ed,34,e.g. It is advisable that a general announcement be made to the staff. 最好給全體人員發(fā)個(gè)通知。 需要給這臺(tái)機(jī)器加潤(rùn)滑油了。 It is required that the machine (should) be oiled. 已決定推遲會(huì)議。 It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off.,35,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 6,CET-4, 1996. 1. It is politely required by the hotel management that

23、 radios after 11 oclock at night. A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play,36,解題思路,本題涉及主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法。 在 It is required / demanded/+ that 從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式為(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形（should可以省略）。 因?yàn)槭找魴C(jī)是“被放的”，要用被動(dòng)，因此選B.,37,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí),It is necessary that an efficient worker _ his work o

24、n time. finishes can finish finish has finished 答案: C,38,iii. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用,在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，可以用 “should + 動(dòng)詞原形（should可以省略）”形式做謂語(yǔ)。 這類動(dòng)詞有：advise, ask, beg, determine, require, suggest, request, demand, urge, propose, command, desire, insist, prefer, order, pray, recommend 等等,39,e.g. She insi

25、sted that the seat (should) be booked in advance. 她堅(jiān)持要預(yù)定座位。 他們要求他唱支歌。 They requested that he (should) sing a song. 我建議推遲會(huì)議。 I suggest that the meeting (should) be put off.,40,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 7,CET-4, 1993. 6 We desire that the tour leader us immediately of any change in plans. A. inform B. informed C. informs

26、D. has informed,A,41,iv. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用,在demand, motion, idea, proposal, suggestion, order, recommendation, requirement, decision, advice等表提議、要求、命令等名詞之后的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形 （should可以省略) ”形式。,42,e.g. He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部隊(duì)馬上撤退。 我的建議是我們派幾

27、個(gè)同志去幫助別的小組。 My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups. 他發(fā)出命令要求立即完成這項(xiàng)工作。 He gave the order that the work be done at once.,43,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 8,CET-4，2000. 6 The suggestion that the mayor the prizes was accepted by everyone. A. would present B. present C. ought to present D.

28、presents,B,44,v. wish之后賓語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的三種形式,動(dòng)詞wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其動(dòng)詞形式有三種： 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞形式 “had+過(guò)去分詞” 與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反 從句動(dòng)詞用 或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 “would或could + 動(dòng)詞原形”形式,45,我要是記得她的地址就好了。 I wish I remembered her address. 我們真希望你來(lái)參加我們的新年聯(lián)歡會(huì)。 （但你沒(méi)來(lái)） We wish you had come to our New Years party. “Ill be back befo

29、re Christmas.” “I wish youd come back before Thanksgiving.”,46,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 9,CET-4，2001. 6 Jack wishes that he business instead of history when he was in university. A. studied B. had been studying C. study D. had studied,D,47,vi. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if only引導(dǎo)的從句中的應(yīng)用,在if only引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其用法與wish后賓語(yǔ)從句的用法基本相同，表示“但愿，要

30、是就好了”之意。 If only I knew what you wanted. 要是我知道你需要什么就好了 他要是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)就好了，那樣就不會(huì)被處分了。 If only he had arrived in time, he would not have been punished.,48,實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí) 10,CET-4，1997. 1 If only the committee the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. A. approve B. can approve C. will approve D. would approve,D,49,vii. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在“its (high, about) time + that 從句”句型中的應(yīng)用