1、環(huán)境科學與工程專業(yè)英語,Specialized English for environmental science and engineering,化學化工學院 賀薇,PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,Unit 4 Environmental Analysis,Text,Environmental analysis involves the performance of chemical, physical, and biological measurements in an environmental s

2、ystem.,環(huán)境分析包括在環(huán)境系統(tǒng)中進行的物理、化學和生物測定。,Environmental analysis is the use of analytical chemistry and other techniques to study the environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings.1,This system may involve either

3、the natural or the polluted environment, although the term “environmental analysis” is increasingly used to refer only to situations in which measurements are made of pollutants. 這一系統(tǒng)不僅包括自然環(huán)境也包括受污染環(huán)境，但是環(huán)境分析一詞越來越專指對污染物測定的情況，,Normally, four types of measurements are made: qualitative analysis to ident

4、ify the species present; quantitative analysis to determine how much of the species is present; speciation or characterization to establish details of chemical form and the manner in which the pollutant is actually present (such as being adsorbed onto the surface of a particle): and impact analysis

5、in which measurements are made for the specific purpose of determining the extent to which an environmental impact is produced by the pollutants in question. 通常，進行四種類型的(分析)測定 ：定性分析，確定污染物存在的種類；定量分析，以確定各種污染物的量有多少 ；種類或特征分析，確定該污染物的化學形態(tài)和實際存在的方式（例如被吸附在顆粒的表面）的詳細情況；而進行影響分析的確切目的是為了確定所討論的污染物產生的環(huán)境影響的程度。,The ov

6、erall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollutant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior. 環(huán)境分析的總體目標是為了獲得環(huán)境中存在的自然物和污染物的相關信息，以便對它們可能的行為做出真實的評估.,The effects of pollutants on materials, especial

7、ly building materials, may be another area of concern and one which is often very visible and displeasing (for example, the defacing of ancient statues by sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere). 污染物對材料特別是建筑材料的影響是另一個受關注的方面，這種影響是很明顯的并且令人不愉快的（例如大氣中的二氧化硫破壞古代雕像）。,Finally, it is important to recognize that an

8、environmental impact may not always be discernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analyses. 最后，我們應該認識到環(huán)境影響不可能全部會被一般人的感知能力識別到，認識到這一點很重要，因此需要采用高級化學或物理分析方法來測定。,In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental

9、 analysis, this field may be considered from three point of view: the basic concepts underlying the reasons for and choice of the analysis which are normally performed; the available techniques and methodologymdldi commonly used; and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis. 為了對環(huán)

10、境分析的常規(guī)領域進行恰當?shù)恼f明，該領域可從三個方面進行考慮：通常情況下選擇分析方法及其原因的基本概念；通?？刹捎玫募夹g和方法；環(huán)境分析能力的現(xiàn)狀。,Whatever the information being sought, it is vitally important to obtain an authentic sample （which represents the particular system being investigated.) 注意句子中分詞結構的廣泛采用。 authenticity n.真實性 可靠性 authentic adj. 真實的,可靠的 無論是想獲得哪方面信

11、息，獲得可靠的樣品（真實的試樣）是極其重要的，因為它代表了所要調查的特定體系。,In fact, the ability to obtain an authentic sample is probably one of the most difficult aspects of any environmental analysis due to the considerable complexity and heterogeneity of most environmental systems. Heterogeneity,非均勻性 homogeneity 均勻性 實際上，由于許多環(huán)境體系是相

12、當復雜的并且往往不均勻，獲得一個可靠樣品大概是所有環(huán)境分析最困難的工作之一。,A statement of the detection limits which can be attained by the analytical method being employed must always be included in providing the results of any environmental analysis. 任何環(huán)境分析結果中必須包括對所采用的分析方法獲得的檢測限的說明。,This is because considerable confusion exists abou

13、t the meaning of a “zero” level of concentration. In fact, it is probably never possible to state that none of the atoms or molecules of the species in question are present so that no true zero exists.,這是因為對零濃度的含義存在很大的不確定性。事實上，通常對所討論的物質不能說（認為）連一個原子或一個分子都不存在，所以不存在真正 的零濃度。,In reporting an environmenta

14、l analysis it is also necessary to specify the precision and accuracy associated with the measurements. 在報告一個環(huán)境分析結果時也需要明確提出測量相關的精確度和準確性。,Thus, many environmental measurements involve comparison of results obtained in different systems or under different conditions (of temperature, time, pollutant co

15、ncentration, and so on) in the same system so that it is necessary to establish whether two numbers which are different are in fact indicative of different conditions. 許多環(huán)境測定中包括對在不同體系或相同體系而不同條件下（溫度，時間，污染物濃度等）所得結果的對比，所以有必要確定兩個不同的數(shù)據(jù)是否實際上表示（它們）只是在不同條件下測得的。,State of matter. In making an environmental an

16、alysis it is necessary to designate the physical form of the species being. 在進行環(huán)境分析時有必要清楚的指出要測定的物質的物理形態(tài)。,Most simply, this involves the actual state of matter in which the species exists (whether it is solid, liquid, or gas) since many species (both inorganic and organic) may exist concurrently in d

17、ifferent states. 簡單的說，這包括該物質存在的實際形態(tài)（是固態(tài)，液態(tài)還是氣態(tài)），因為許多物質（無論是有機的還是無機的）可以同時以不同的形態(tài)存在。,For example，certain organic gases can exist either as gases or adsorbed onto the surface of solid particles, and the analytical procedures employed for determination of each form are quite different.,例如，某些有機氣體既可以以氣態(tài)存在也可

18、以吸附到固體顆粒表面，而用來測定其每一形態(tài)的分析方法是完全不同的。,One of the most strongly emphasized aspects of environmental analysis involves the distinction between a chemical element and the chemical compound in which that element exists. 在環(huán)境分析中特別強調的一點就是要區(qū)分該元素是以化學單質存在還是以化合物的形式存在。,It is appropriate to establish the chemical fo

19、rm in which a given element exists in an environmental sample rather than simply to specify the fact that the element is present at a given concentration. 應該確定在環(huán)境樣品中指定元素存在的化學形態(tài)而不只是簡單的說明該元素以一定的濃度存在這一事實。,While such a concept is philosophically acceptable, analytical methodology has not reached the sta

20、ge where specification of inorganic compounds present at trace level can readily be achieved. 雖然這種概念從理論上可被接受，但分析方法還沒有達到可以很容易的測量到痕量存在的無機化合物的水平。,Where pollutant species are present in or associated with a condensed phase, it is sometimes necessary to establish whether the pollutant is part of the bulk

21、 system or present on its surface. 當污染物存在于某一凝聚相中或者與某一凝聚相結合在一起時，有時候有必要確定該污染物是此整個體系的一部分還是只存在于它的表面。,Such a consideration is particularly meaningful since material present on the surface of an airborne particle, for example, comes into immediate contact with the external environment, whereas that which

22、is distributed uniformly throughout the particle is effectively present at a much lower concentration and can exert a much lower chemical intensity at the particle surface. 這樣的考慮是非常有意義的，例如存在于空氣中顆粒表面上的物質直接與外界環(huán)境接觸，而那些均勻分布于顆粒物之間的污染物質實際上存在的濃度很低并且在顆粒表面的濃度還要更低。,考慮到生物鑒定的費用、復雜性、耗時的特性，為了測定毒理效應和制定應遵從的標準時，經常采取

23、化學分析方法來取代生物測定方法。,Due to the expense, complexity, end time-consuming nature of bioassays, it is usual to substitute a chemical analysis for purposes of monitoring toxicological effects, and in setting standards for compliance.,The four teps for chemical analysis,Collection and preservation of the sam

24、ple Preparation or pretreatment of the sample for analysis Analytical evaluation Presentation of the resulting data in a meaningful form,Homework,翻譯兩段英文長難句。 在線閱讀材料 .ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/wqe11072 .ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/wqe11034,Practice,Water samples are in a chemically dynamic state, and the moment they are removed from the sample site, chemical, biological, and/or physical processes that chan