1、A. Development by time (chronological arrangement):,Time order signals: now, nowadays, when, before, after, while, during, first, second, initially, firstly, next, later, lastly, eventually, finally, immediately, meanwhile, currently, soon, after a while, after that etc.,B. Development by process:,T

2、ransitional words and expressions: first, second, third, in the beginning, before, after, finally, at last, subsequently, firstly, secondly, furthermore, lastly, above all, first and most important, then, to begin, next, start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude, afterward, in the end,

3、eventually,Transitions used in a process paragraph:,First step- First; Firstly; First of all; To begin with; Primarily; Initially; The first step Other steps- Second/third; Secondly/thirdly; Next; The next step; Then; Another step; The other step Last step- Last; The last; Lastly; In the end; Finall

4、y; The final; As the last step Chronological connectors- before, after, when, as soon as, once, as, prior to, etc.,C. Development by classification:,the whole-the parts consist of, comprise, be composed of, be made up of the parts-the whole constitute, make up, compose may be divided/classified/grou

5、ped into according to/based on/depending on,D. Development by Space,E. Development by Comparison and Contrast,相似的比較： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比較： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with ,F. Dev

6、elopment by Exemplification,舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。,G. Development by Citing Statistics,H. Development by Cause and Effect,Basic Types of Cause-and-effect Pattern,A.Cause-to-effect Pattern introduction (includes thesis) cause effect

7、 1 effect 2 . conclusion (summary and so forth),B. Effect-to-cause Pattern introduction (includes thesis) effect cause 1 cause 2 . conclusion (summary and so forth),Tips for Writing Cause-and-effect Essay,A. Words used to express cause include: because, because of , since, to be, due to, owing to, t

8、o sresult from, to be the result of, as a result of , to be caused by, etc. B. Words used to express effect include: to result in, to cause, to lead to, to bring about, etc.,1 動(dòng)詞： 引述原因的有：to result from; to be the result of; to be due to; to be a consequence of 引述結(jié)果的有：to lead to; to contribute to; to

9、 result in; to be the cause of, cause 2 常用有介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)有：because of, owing to, on account of. 3 常用來(lái)表示原因的連詞有：because, as, since, for, in that, now that, seeing that, considering that, 4 常用來(lái)表示結(jié)果的語(yǔ)言素材有：so that, sothat, suchthat,therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus 等。,I. Development by Definition,When writing a single-sentence definition or a short definition, we can use either a synonym or try a three-part definition, which goes like this: 1. the term