1、,Grammar,六合區(qū)實驗初中,龍,Unit1-Unit3,Grammar 1,The Present Perfect Tense,We use the simple past tense to talk about what happened at a definite time in the past(在一個確切的過去時間). Past present Eddie was born four years ago.,We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that started in the past and still

2、 have some connection with the present與現(xiàn)在有一些聯(lián)系. Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. Eddie has lived with Millie for four years. He has cleaned our classroom.(Its clean now.),present,Past,Past,present,4 years,一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成1現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句句型 主語（第一、二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)）+have 主語（第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)） +have +過去分詞 主語（第三人稱單數(shù)） +has

3、,We have lived in Beijing. He has lived in Beijing. I have finished my homework.,2現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句 句型 主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+ I have not seen the movie yet. He hasnt been to Beijing .,現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句 句型 Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+. Have you finished the work? Has she arrived here? Yes, she has./No, she hasnt.,4現(xiàn)在完成時的特殊疑問句

4、 句型 特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+過去分詞+. How many times have you been to the Great Wall?,have/has been to 曾經(jīng)去過某地 have/has gone to 已經(jīng)去了某地 have/has been（ in ） 已經(jīng)在某地多久,1.He ( ) the USA twice.,2.Where is Tom? He ( )the bookshop.,3.Sandy ( ) Nanjing for a long time.,has been to,has gone to,has been in,完成時中的延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)

5、性動詞,.延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動詞可以與表示時間段的狀語連用。 表示時間段的短語有:for+一段時間,for 2 years; since從句,since he came here; since+時間點(diǎn)名詞,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。,動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動詞與非延

6、續(xù)性動詞。,例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year? . 非延續(xù)性動詞也稱終止性動詞、瞬間動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。 非延續(xù)性動詞在肯定句中與表示時間點(diǎn)的狀語連用，如：two years

7、ago; at 5 oclock; 例:He died 5 years ago. 例: He has died. 否定的終止性動詞可以與表示時間段的時間狀語連用。例:I havent left here for 3 years. I havent heard from him for 3 weeks.,.延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換： borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in /at / be here /be there, begin /

8、startbe on , openbe open , closebe closed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall illbe ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amember of, join the armybe in the army

9、 /be a soldier, receive / get a letterhave a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy ,go (get) out be out， put on wear,1.The old man died 4 years ago.,a. The old man has been dead for 4 years.,b. It is 4 years since the old man died.,c. Four years has passed since the old man die

10、d.,2.He joined the Party 2 years ago.,He has been in the Party for 2 years.,3.I bought the book 5 days ago,I have had the book for 5 days.,The Passive Voice,被動語態(tài),構(gòu)成,助動詞 be + 及物動詞的過去分詞,be + vt. p. p.,Many people,English,speak,English.,is spoken,by many people.,A recorder,a recorder use in,is used in,

11、our,English class every day.,play,often,Football,A camera,use for ,is often played,all over the world.,is used,for,taking photos.,rob yesterday,A man-made satellite,A bank,send up last year,was robbed,yesterday.,was sent up,space last year.,into,must plant,The tree,The ground,be covered with,must be

12、,planted,on the,ground.,will be,covered with,in a few years time.,trees,dig(挖),The earth,The food,eat up,is being,dug,now.,has been,eaten up,already.,Football is played all over the world.,A camera is used for taking photos.,A bank was robbed yesterday.,A man-made satellite was sent up into space la

13、st year.,The tree must be planted on the ground.,The ground will be covered with trees in a few years time.,They will be sent to the hospital right now.,A talk will be given by Mr. Wang soon.,The earth is being dug now.,The food has been eaten up already.,一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are + vt.p.p.,一般過去時： was / w

14、ere + vt.p.p.,一般將來時: will be / be going to be + vt.p.p.,情態(tài)動詞：must /can /could /may + be + vt.p.p.,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時: be (am / is / are) + being + vt.p.p.,現(xiàn)在完成時: have / has +been + vt.p.p.,被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be +vt.p.p.,被動語態(tài)：,當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時，要用被動語態(tài)。,何時使用被動語態(tài)？,主語是動作的承受者 。,主動語態(tài)如何改成被動語態(tài)？,1. 主動語態(tài)

15、的賓語改成被動語態(tài)的主語.,2. 主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞改成被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞。do,3. 注意保持時態(tài)和人稱的一致。,4. 帶雙賓的謂語動詞有兩種改法。當(dāng)把直接賓語改成主語時，謂語動詞后必須加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~: to, for.,be done,pass, show, send,此類動詞有：,5. 一些動詞不定式在主動語態(tài)中省略to作賓語補(bǔ)足語，改成被動語態(tài)時，to必須還原。make sb do sth. / sb be made to do sth.,注: 1. 不及物動詞（vi.)不用被動語態(tài)。,buy,be bought for,如：give,be given to,此類動詞還有：,draw，m

16、ake, cook, mend,e.g. happen, appear, disappear,e.g. A traffic accident _(happen) just now.,happened,2. 連系動詞(后加形容詞)（Link.v.)不用被動語態(tài)。 如：be, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, turn, become,e.g. Peking Opera _ (sound) beautiful.,sounds,3. 當(dāng)此動詞表示事物的自然屬性的時候，不用被動語態(tài) 。,e.g. The pen _(write) very fast

17、.,writes,This kind of sweater _(sell) well.,sells,動詞短語的被動語態(tài),take care of be taken care of,cut down be cut down,laugh at be laughed at,look after be looked after,被動語態(tài)的動詞短語,以下這些短語本身即是被動語態(tài)的形式，不需再加 “by” .,be covered with 用.覆蓋,be interested in 對.感興趣,be surprised at 對.感到驚奇,be made of / from 用制成的,be known to 出名,Chinese,I,A new bike,is spoken,by many,was bought,a new bike,was bought,yesterday.,for me,Turn them into the passive voice.,Many people speak Chinese.,people