1、萬圣節(jié),October 31st is Halloween,Halloween is one of the worlds oldest holidays, celebrated in several countries around the globe including the USA, Canada, England, Ireland, Scotland, Mexico, Latin America, and Spain.,萬圣節(jié)是世界上最老的節(jié)日之一，在10 月31日這天，有許多國家，如：美國,加拿大,英格蘭,愛爾蘭,蘇格蘭,墨西哥,拉丁美洲,西班牙等，都會慶祝萬圣節(jié)的來臨。,Hallo

2、weens origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celtic peoples lived over 2,000 years ago In the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Northern France.,在2000多年前的愛爾蘭地區(qū)及法國北部，住著一群塞爾特人，而萬圣節(jié)就是起源于古塞爾特人的一個叫做Samhain的節(jié)慶。,For the Celtic peoples, the New Y

3、ear was celebrated on November 1st of every year. This date marked the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter.,For the Celtic peoples, the New Year was celebrated on November 1st of every year. This date marked the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter. This time of year was often associated

4、with human death.,。塞爾特人選在每年11月1日慶祝新年，正值夏天結束，冬天剛開始的時節(jié)多半讓人聯(lián)想到黑暗的死亡,The Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred as the dead searched for the afterlife. Thus, on the night of October 31st, they celebrated Samhain, wh

5、en it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to Earth to cause mischief and trouble.,塞爾特人相信在新年的前一晚，陰間和陽間的大門不再門禁森嚴，此時陰間的鬼魂會趁機跑出來，為陽間的人們帶來厄運。所以，在十月三十一日晚上，塞特爾人會慶祝Samhain這個節(jié)日，以趨魔避邪。,To commemorate the event, people built huge sacred bonfires where animals and crops were sacrificed to the Gods

6、 for protection, and to help scare ghosts away. The Celts also wore costumes to disguise themselves, in an attempt to confuse the spirits roaming the Earth.,塞爾特人借著神圣的營火，燃燒獻祭的動物和尸體，以趕走可怕的鬼魂并祈求神的保護。同時，塞爾特人也會假扮成鬼的樣子，企圖混淆跑到陽間的鬼魂。,The Impact of Christianity,By the A.D. 800s, the influence of Christianity

7、 had spread intoCeltic lands. Pope Boniface IV designated November 1stAll Saints Day, a time to honor Saints and Martyrs. It was known as All Hallowmas. Thus, October 31st became known as All Hallows Eve, and eventually was shortened to the current day title, Halloween. 公元八百年時，基督教傳入塞爾特人居住的區(qū)域。當時的教宗明訂

8、十一月一日為萬圣節(jié)All Saints Day，又稱 All Hallowmas，來紀念所有的圣人和騎士。因此，十月三十一日就成了萬圣節(jié)前夕，英文稱之All Hallows Eve，而后來人們便簡稱十月三十一日為Halloween。,Even later, in A.D. 1000, the Christian church made November 2nd All Souls Day, a day to honor the dead. It was celebrated with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as s

9、aints, angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, All Hallows Eve, All Saints Day and All Souls Day, were called Hallowmas. 公元一千年左右，基督教訂定十一月二日為All Souls Day ( 萬靈節(jié) )來紀念所有的死去的靈魂。借著大型營火，游行和變裝打扮成圣人，天使或惡靈的方式來慶祝。綜合這三個節(jié)日All Hallows Eve (萬圣節(jié)前夕)，All Saints Day (萬圣節(jié)) 和 All Souls Day (萬靈節(jié))，就叫做Hallow

10、mas.,Becoming an American Tradition,Halloween arrived in North America courtesy of Irish and Scottish emigrants who brought stories of Samhain and Hallowmas, as well as tales of ghosts and spirits with them in the 1840s, during the Irish Potato Famine. The holiday flourished into what is now modern

11、day Halloween. 1840年代，愛爾蘭區(qū)發(fā)生了饑荒，一些愛爾蘭及蘇格蘭人移民到北美洲，也把這些習俗和鬼故事帶到了北美洲，漸漸地，北美洲人也開始慶祝Halloween(萬圣節(jié))。,Traditions of Halloween,許多關于Halloween(萬圣節(jié))習俗，包括變裝打扮，不搗蛋就給糖的游戲，咬蘋果的游戲，刻南瓜燈籠，和點燃大營火等習俗，都可以追溯到塞特爾人Samhain節(jié)，或是Hallowmas這些節(jié)日。,Many of the traditions associated with Halloween can be traced back to the ancient f

12、estivals of Samhain and Hallowmas. Traditions include costuming, trick-or-treating, bobbing for apples, pumpkin carving, and the lighting of bonfires.,Costuming,Costumes were worn by the Celts for Samhain and the Christians for All Hallows Eve as a disguise to confuse and/or scare away the spirits/g

13、hosts they believed were freely roaming the Earth from possessing their souls. Today, although we no longer believe that spirits are flying freely, modernized costumes are worn at Halloween by children going trick-or-treating and by adults seeking fun and amusement.,Costuming,過去，變裝打扮是為了讓鬼魂們搞不清楚，免得惹禍

14、上身。現(xiàn)在，雖然人們不再相信鬼魂們會在陽間跑來跑去，但是小孩子還是會裝扮自己到處玩不給糖就搗蛋的游戲而大人則是覺得裝扮自己有趣又好玩。,Trick-or-treating,The modern day custom of Trick-or-Treating originated from the very old custom of “Going-a-souling” or begging for soul cakes. Soul cakes were baked goods offered to souls of the departed. The Christian Church enco

15、uraged the practice of the needy going from home to home gathering food (Going-a-souling) at Harvest time. Prayers for the recently deceased from the needy were exchanged with the giving family.,Trick-or-treating,不給糖就搗蛋的游戲起源于要靈魂餅干的習俗，所謂的靈魂餅干就是將烤好的餅干祭祀過世的人。后來，基督教會鼓勵貧窮的人在收獲的季節(jié)里挨家挨戶地乞求食物，若是得到食物，這些窮人就會幫

16、這家庭中過世的人祈禱以謝謝他們。,Those not offering goods were usually punished with a trick on Halloween night or hexed with misfortune for the next year. The term “trick-or-treat” is thought to have first originated in Britain where Halloween was known as “Mischief Night” and the practice of “going-a-souling” was

17、 common.,而窮人們對那些吝嗇不給食物的人通常會以惡作劇來懲罰他們，或是詛咒他們下一年都會厄運纏身。大部分人都認為不給糖就搗蛋是起源于惡作劇之夜和要靈魂餅干 (going-a-souling) 的習俗。,Pumpkin Carving,Carved pumpkins are traditionally known as “Jack-o-lanterns.” Traditionally, the jack-o-lantern was carved from a turnip, potato, or beet and lit with a burning candle. These lant

18、erns represented the souls of departed loved ones and were placed in windows or set on porches to welcome the deceased. They also served as protection from evil spirits freed from the dead on Halloween night. In North America, turnips, potatoes, and beets were not as readily available, so the pumpki

19、n was used and found to be a suitable replacement.,Pumpkin Carving,眾人皆知的杰克南瓜燈是刻在南瓜上，但人們一開始是在蘿卜，馬鈴薯或甜菜上刻燈籠，然后挖空并點燃蠟燭在里面，形成燈籠。這些燈籠代表著過世的親友，并被放置在窗邊或門廊上，以歡迎他們回來。他們也被視為可趨魔避邪的象征。在北美洲，蘿卜，馬鈴薯和甜菜很罕見，因此常見的南瓜就成了非常適合的代替品。,Jack-o-lanterns,People have been making Jack-o-lanterns at Halloween for centuries. The pr

20、actice originated from an Irish myth about a man known as “Stingy Jack.” Stingy Jack one day invited the Devil to have a drink with him. Not wanting to pay for the drink, he tricked the Devil into turning himself into a coin, and then put the Devil into his pocket next to a cross that prevented the

21、Devil from changing back into his original form. Jack freed the Devil after the Devil promised not to bother Jack or, should he die, claim his soul.,Jack-o-lanterns,萬圣節(jié)刻杰克南瓜燈的習俗已經(jīng)有幾世紀的歷史了。為什么要取名為杰克呢？在愛爾蘭人的傳說中有個有名的小氣杰克。有一天小氣杰克請魔鬼喝酒，喝完后，小氣杰克卻小氣地不想付錢，所以他就騙魔鬼，要魔鬼把自己變成一枚硬幣，魔鬼變成硬幣后，小氣杰克迅速地把硬幣放在口袋里，和十字架放在一

22、起，以防魔鬼變回原形。之后，魔鬼對小氣杰克發(fā)誓，他絕對不會對小氣杰克報仇，也保證杰克死了也不會讓他下地獄。這時，小氣杰克才讓魔鬼變回原形。,Eventually, when Jack did die, God would not take him into Heaven, and the Devil, who had promised not to claim Jacks soul, could not take him into Hell. Thus, the Devil sent Jacks spirit into the night with only a burning candle

23、to light his way. Jack put the candle into a carved turnip and has been roaming the Earth ever since. The Irish began to refer to this ghostly figure as “Jack of the Lantern,” and then simply as “Jack-o-lantern.”,到小器杰克死掉后，上帝不允許他進入天堂，而魔鬼曾答應過他不會讓他下地獄，所以杰克死后哪都去不了。因此，魔鬼就讓他的靈魂漂泊在黑夜里，只留給他一根燃燒的蠟燭來指引他從此以后，杰

24、克就把蠟燭放在挖空刻好的蘿卜里，并且一直留在人間嚇人。愛爾蘭人一開始稱之為杰克的南瓜燈籠( Jack of the Lantern)，后來簡稱為杰克南瓜燈( Jack-o-lantern)。,Symbols of Halloween,Modern day Halloween celebrations use many symbols to help make the holiday more festive Some of these include 現(xiàn)代人用許多東西來慶祝萬圣節(jié)，讓這個節(jié)日變得更有趣。你知道 是哪些東西嗎？,Because bats only fly at night and

25、 live in tombs, caves, and abandoned churches and buildings, they are believed to be omens of evil. They are commonly associated with witches and vampires. It is superstition that witches and vampires can take the form of a bat. Since the vampire bat is the only mammal that feeds on blood, they are

26、often linked to death and occult rituals.,BATS,BATS,蝙蝠是其中一項，因為蝙蝠只住在墳墓，洞穴和廢棄的教堂或建筑物中，又因為蝙蝠常令人聯(lián)想到女巫或吸血鬼，因此他們被視為邪惡的象征。在傳說中，女巫和吸血鬼可以化身成蝙蝠，又因為吸血蝙蝠是唯一一種飲血維生的哺乳類動物，因此蝙蝠常讓人聯(lián)想到死亡或邪惡的儀式。,WITCHES,Witches were thought to be tellers of fortune and to cast spells, both good and bad. This frightened many because i

27、t was believed that these powers were strongest on Halloween night. The image of a witch has greatly changed over the centuries. Once thought of as old, wrinkled, green skinned hags, many people associate witchcraft to either evil or as being wise.,WITCHES,女巫因為會算命又會下好咒語和壞咒語，人們相信女巫們的能力在10月31日這天會最強，所以

28、讓很多人很害怕她們。 幾世紀以來，女巫的形象改變許多，以前人們認為，女巫都是綠皮膚，長的很老，臉上布滿皺紋?，F(xiàn)在則很多人認為女巫的能力可以是邪惡或具有智慧的。,Broomsticks,Witches and broomsticks go hand in hand. They have been associated for centuries. Often, witches are depicted riding them across the night sky with a black cat on one end. It is believed that because Hallowee

29、n occurred during therainy season, women used their broomsticks to vault over largepuddles and to sweep water out of their paths while walking. Thus, the two became associated.,Broomsticks,女巫和掃把形影不離已有幾世紀之久，通常女巫會騎著掃把在夜晚飛行，而她們的同伴黑貓會坐在掃把的另一端陪著她們飛行會什么女巫會和掃把形影不離呢？因為在萬圣節(jié)那天，通常會下著雨，而女巫們需要用掃把掃掉地上的大水坑，或地上的積水以

30、便行走。,OWLS,Superstitions suggest that owls ate the souls of the dying by swooping to Earth. Owls screeches and their glassy stare are an omen of death and disaster. The owl is rarely seen during the day and is associated with night behaviors.,OWLS,傳說中，貓頭鷹會從天空俯沖下來吃掉人的靈魂。貓頭鷹的叫聲和眼神讓人聯(lián)想到死亡和災難。再者，貓頭鷹很少在白天出現(xiàn)，也都讓人不得不認為他們是屬于黑暗和恐怖。,BLACK CATS,Cats, for centuries, have been considered to be spiritual animals that have the ability to sense good and bad spirits. Weste