1、GRE,研究生入學(xué)考試,北美研究生院的考試種類: GRE Graduate Record Examination 申請理科、工科和文科的研究生院 GMATGraduate Management Admission Test商科 LSAT, MCAT .,GRE歷史上的幾次變革,3,新GRE考查綜述,4,每次考試的時間較舊GRE來說有所加長，對考生的體力要求增大，總體時間為3小時45分鐘 題型方面 變化較大，并沒有減少題型，而是改變了題型的考查形式 對單詞記憶的難度降低，但是增加了閱讀理解與邏輯分析能力,新GRE是自適應(yīng)考試,5,第二個SECTION的難度將取決于第一個SECTION的難度 所有

2、題目對于最后結(jié)果的分數(shù)權(quán)重一致，與GMAT算分方法不同 最后的分數(shù)與全部答對的題目數(shù)相關(guān)，并且和答題目的難度系數(shù)相關(guān),新GRE考試具體變化,1 考試內(nèi)容的變化 新GRE在考試中取消語文部分的類比和反義題，代之以閱讀理解與生活場景題。增加equivalence新題型，閱讀題量增加的同時也增加了多選題，句子高亮題。 語文部分：時間從原來的30分鐘上漲到35分鐘，而題量從原來的38道題下降到令人發(fā)指的25道！,新GRE考試具體變化,數(shù)學(xué)部分 1, 題目的數(shù)量從30個下降到25個，而時間從30分鐘上升到了40分鐘。 2，多出了一種題型就是需要自己填數(shù)字和符號的填空題，稍微注意一下填空的方式，不要填錯，

3、就可以了。,新GRE考試具體變化,閱讀題目 1 文章后面的題目顯著變少，相對的文章變多。 2 題目中更多出現(xiàn)了邏輯分析題型(加強，削弱之類的題目)， 3出現(xiàn)了多選題。,新GRE考試具體變化,2 考試形式的變化 將采用計算機為載體的機考，每月都會舉行1到2次考試，語文、數(shù)學(xué)、寫作三個部分一天內(nèi)全部考完，不再分開考試?？荚嚱缑鎸⒆兊梅浅Ｓ押?，每個部分內(nèi)部增設(shè)review和Review修改功能（不可跨越section修改答案），新的“Mark與Review”功能方便考生快速回到先前跳過的題目，允許考生修改編輯已經(jīng)做出的答案，在數(shù)學(xué)部分增加在線計算器功能；,新GRE是人性化考試,中途可以改變做題順序，

4、并且在題目中標選重點題目(mark) 可以看到所有的題目列表，并且回顧檢查題目(review) 數(shù)學(xué)提供在線計算器進行數(shù)學(xué)答題 考試之中提供10分鐘的休息 考完即可看到分數(shù)，分數(shù)會永久記錄(permanent part),10,MARK按鈕,11,REVIEW按鈕,12,在線計算器,13,算分方法的變化,復(fù)習(xí)參考,閱讀 GRE閱讀39+3全攻略楊鵬長難句（每天做教程510篇）。 寫作 GRE作文大講堂-方法,素材,題目剖析、北美范文Issue：40篇 Arg：10篇 填空 陳圣元的GRE句子填空每天做7個練習(xí) 單詞 太傻黑寶書,Verbal reasoning題型,16,VERBAL REAS

5、ONING題目數(shù)分布,17,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方說明 The verbal ability measure is designed to test the ability to reason with words in solving problems. Reasoning effectively in a verbal medium depends primarily upon the ability to discern, comprehend, and analyze relationships among words or groups of words and with

6、in larger units of discourse such as sentences and written passages. Discern : understand Discourse : Adiscourseis a serious talk or piece of writing which is intended to teach or explain something,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方說明 The purpose of the sentence completion questions is to measure the ability to use

7、the various kinds of cues provided by syntax and grammar to recognize the overall meaning of a sentence. In deciding which of five words or sets of words can best be substituted for blank spaces in a sentence, you must analyze the relationships among the component parts of the incomplete sentence. Y

8、ou must consider each answer choice and decide which completes the sentence in such a way that the sentence has a logically satisfying meaning and can be read as a stylistically integrated whole. Sentence completion questions provide a context within which to analyze the function of words as they re

9、late to and combine with one another to form a meaningful unit of discourse. Syntaxis the ways that words can be put together, or are put together, in order to make sentences Stylisticdescribes things relating to the methods and techniques used in creating a piece of writing, music, or art,句子結(jié)構(gòu),簡單句分

10、析 定義：只有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子 簡單句分析的核心：謂語 謂語誰發(fā)出的動作（主語）誰承受的動作（賓語）或者主語有什么狀態(tài)（表語）修飾限制成分（定語、狀語、同位語） 分析重點：成分之間的關(guān)系,句子結(jié)構(gòu),非簡單句分析 關(guān)聯(lián)元素：連詞、關(guān)系代詞、冒號和分號 非簡單句分析的核心：關(guān)聯(lián)元素 關(guān)聯(lián)元素若干分句分句類型及它們之間的關(guān)系 分析重點：分句類型和關(guān)系,句子結(jié)構(gòu),Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s portrayed him as a doctr

11、inaire thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.,句子結(jié)構(gòu),The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longes

12、t continuous documentation of natural events.,The Chinese were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longest continuous documentation of natural events.,Who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the Egyptians.,句子結(jié)構(gòu),Yellow fever, the disease

13、 that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: to cause great destruction or harm to,“十一抽殺律”,公元前471年，羅馬共和國早期戰(zhàn)爭中，羅馬人與沃爾斯奇人戰(zhàn)斗，用這種方法處罰背叛的士兵。,charter:

14、 特許狀,Yellow Fever: 黃熱病 美國的黃熱病大流行（1793和1879）,Yellow fever, the disease, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.,That killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee.,The city lost its charter.,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的練習(xí)方法,把非簡單句拆分為若干個簡單句 以關(guān)聯(lián)元素為拆分點 標記各個分句的類型

15、 參考各種從句形式 對所有簡單句進行成分劃分和分析，并明確成分之間的關(guān)系 注意句子的謂語動詞 寫出各分句及整句的中文意思,邏輯關(guān)系,邏輯關(guān)系真的那么難判斷么？ 需要搞清楚三個問題 邏輯關(guān)系的識別和層次 廣義的同義/反義關(guān)系 收斂邏輯推斷,邏輯關(guān)系的識別和層次,表示邏輯關(guān)系的標志 連詞、關(guān)系代詞、動詞、冒號、分號、介詞短語、分詞短語、不定式、副詞、固定搭配,邏輯關(guān)系的識別和層次,三個層次的邏輯關(guān)系 句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系 關(guān)聯(lián)元素：只需要判斷同義或者反義即可 原則：有反義邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)元素的就是反義，其余的就是同義。 詞匯和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系 修飾和解釋：定語/狀語/同位語從句 動賓：賓語從句/表語從句

16、 主謂：主語從句,邏輯關(guān)系的識別和層次,三個層次的邏輯關(guān)系 詞匯之間（包括空格）的邏輯關(guān)系 語義邏輯：并列、修飾和解釋、動賓、主謂、遞進、復(fù)指 方向邏輯：同義和反義 判斷原則 一般情況下，詞匯之間的方向邏輯與句子的邏輯一致。 否定詞改變詞匯之間的方向邏輯。,邏輯關(guān)系判斷的方法： 是否有反義？ 是否有否定？ 有幾個否定？,廣義的同義/反義關(guān)系,廣義的同義關(guān)系 同義詞 上/下義詞 感情色彩相同的詞 正負方向相同的詞 邏輯相關(guān)的詞（動作-結(jié)果、人物-特征等） 廣義的反義關(guān)系 反義詞 感情色彩相反的詞 正負方向相反的詞 與極端詞相對的中性詞,上/下義詞,詞A和詞B為上/下義詞的條件 若A is a k

17、ind of B,則A是B的下義詞，B是A的上義詞。 舉例：apple/fruit; chemistry/science 上/下義詞之間的關(guān)系 思考：男人能做的事兒，人一定能做；人能做的事兒，男人不一定能做。對嗎？ GRE填空的句子是一個有限定范圍的語境，所以上/下義詞等價。,與極端詞相對的中性詞,“好”的反義詞是什么？ 壞 不好不壞 既有好又有壞 任何詞的反義詞都是直接對該詞進行否定后的結(jié)果,基于收斂邏輯的推斷,GRE填空教程是由_編寫的。 十五歲的小張_。 越直接的邏輯關(guān)系越正確！ 背景知識不能作為題目的判斷依據(jù)!,本書編寫組,今年十五歲,邏輯分析實例,Although the feedi

18、ng activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a _ appearance, these activities seem to be actually beneficial to the area, enhancing its productivity.,邏輯分析實例,Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when

19、 _ was valued much more highly than it is today.,邏輯分析實例,Carruthers latest literary criticism _ her reputation for trenchant commentary; despite its intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of_.,邏輯分析實例,Because no comprehensive _ exist regarding

20、personal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime.,邏輯分析實例,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.,語義認知,語義場的表現(xiàn)形式

21、重復(fù) 原詞重復(fù) 同義重復(fù) 上下義詞重復(fù) 衍生詞重復(fù) 相關(guān)概念重復(fù) 指代 代詞指代：代詞和被指代對象的數(shù)、性、性質(zhì)必須一致。 關(guān)系連詞指代（when, where, why),語義認知,Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much abo

22、ut the dreamer.,語義認知,The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed. The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.,語義認知,重要概念 正負評價 正負動作 重要方法 正負假定法 題目中有兩個空格

23、，且每個空格都沒有語義與之對應(yīng)。 符號簡化法 句子偏長且概念交織較多時使用 方法：用相同的符號替換語義等價的內(nèi)容；不同的內(nèi)容用不同的符號替換。,語義認知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical princ

24、iples possible.,語義認知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. In A, B appears _, since A does not _ B.

25、,語義認知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system.,語義認知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human

26、technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system. A often _ B: ; only recently have humans developed B whose efficiency _ A.,語義認知,A good doct

27、or knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.,語義認知,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to

28、 good practice. A knows that B will continue to _ and that, therefore, B can never be an _ guide to A.,詞匯理解,常用的查詞詞典 Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary (the 11th Edition) American Heritage Dictionary 什么時候需要查韋氏詞典？ 參考答案無法理解時 句子含義無法理解時 查完字典以后用新的解釋覆蓋舊的記憶,詞匯理解,重點掌握的詞匯 四級詞匯（語言基礎(chǔ)） 動詞 形容詞（尤其是修飾抽象名詞的） 抽象名詞

29、 表示邏輯關(guān)系的副詞 不重要的詞匯 程度副詞 實體名詞,一空題樣題,51,OG P50 In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so-that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea. permanently (B) imperceptibly (C) irregularly (D) Precariously (E) slightly,兩空題樣題,52,OG P50 Vain and prone to violenc

30、e, Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his (i)_ as an artist increased, the more (ii)_ his life became.,三空題樣題,53,OG P49 It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be (i) by politics: well aware of the political disputes about the effects of hu

31、man activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to(ii) his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the(iii) , calling attention to the many aspects of planeta

32、ry evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet.,同義句題樣題,OG P52 Although it does contain some pioneering ideas, one would hardly characterize the work as _. Orthodox Eccentric Original Trifling Conventional innovative,54,同義句題樣題,OG P52 It was h

33、er view that the countrys problems had been _ by foreign technocrats, so that to ask for such assistance again would be counterproductive. Ameliorated Ascertained Diagnosed Exacerbated Overlooked worsened,55,Ameliorate :improve Ascertain: find out , make certain of something Exacerbate: make worse,G

34、RE填空題考查的能力,56,GRE填空考查能力之學(xué)術(shù)英語能力,57,書面語的特點：除了普遍抽象含義以外，具有抽象具體含義,angry,indignation,Feeling of anger and surprise because you feel insulted or unfairly treated.,Outrage, enrage,If something outrages you, it makes you feel extremely shocked, angry, or upset.,wrath,Extreme anger, a formal or old-fashioned

35、word.,GRE填空考查能力之學(xué)術(shù)英語能力,58,EX10.8. Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s portrayed him as_thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. (A) an adventurous (B) a doctrinaire (C) an eclectic

36、 (D) a dictatorial (E) a judicious (F) a cynical,doctrinaire: certain that your beliefs or opinions are correct and unwilling to change them（教條主義） cynical: believing the worst of human nature and motives. dictatorial:characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty E

37、clectic:someone who selects according to the eclectic method（折中主義）,GRE填空考查能力之學(xué)術(shù)英語能力,59,EX25.10 Scientists pristine reputation as devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been _ by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately _experimental results to further their own careers.,pri

38、stine :completely free from dirt or contamination . immaculately clean and unused resuscitate :cause to regain consciousness,GRE填空題考查的能力,60,GRE填空考查能力之閱讀能力,61,EX19.3 Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so _ Memphis, Tennessee, has reappeared after nearly two decade

39、s in _ in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: kill in large numbers; Abeyance: temporary cessation or suspension Quarantine: place into enforced isolation, as for medical reasons;,GRE填空考查能力之學(xué)術(shù)英語能力,62,EX10.8. Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960

40、s portrayed him as_thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. (A) an adventurous (B) a doctrinaire (C) an eclectic (D) a dictatorial (E) a judicious (F) a cynical,doctrinaire: certain that your beliefs or opinions are correct and unwilling to

41、 change them（教條主義） cynical: believing the worst of human nature and motives. dictatorial:characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty Eclectic:someone who selects according to the eclectic method（折中主義）,GRE填空考查能力之學(xué)術(shù)英語能力,63,EX25.10 Scientists pristine reputation as

42、 devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been _ by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately _experimental results to further their own careers.,pristine :completely free from dirt or contamination . immaculately clean and unused resuscitate :cause to regain consciousness,GRE

43、填空題考查的能力,64,GRE填空考查能力之閱讀能力,65,EX19.3 Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so _ Memphis, Tennessee, has reappeared after nearly two decades in _ in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: kill in large numbers; Abeyance: temporary cessation or suspension Quarantine: place

44、 into enforced isolation, as for medical reasons;,GRE填空題考查的能力,66,GRE填空考查能力之邏輯分析能力1,OG EX1.1 At first, I found her gravity rather intimidating; but, as I saw more of her, I found that _ was very near the surface. seriousness (B) confidence (C) laughter (D) poise (E) determination,67,Gravity: a manner

45、 that is serious and solemn. a solemn and dignified feeling,GRE填空考查能力之邏輯分析能力2,舊GRE經(jīng)典題目：Old age, even in cultures where it is _, is often viewed with_. A. venerated.ambivalence B. rare.surprise C. ignored.condescension D. feared.dismay E. honored.respect,68,Venerate : respect Dismay: lower someones s

46、pirits; make downhearted; ambivalence : mixed feelings or emotions condescension: the trait of displaying arrogance by patronizing those considered inferior,題目解答的基本原則,The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a _, because, instead of an increasingly

47、 _ pictorial art, we find degeneration. (Ex.54-2, P.107) (A) milestonedebased (B) consolidationdiverse (C) calamityaberrant (D) regressionsophisticated (E) continuationimproved,GRE邏輯填空樣題,好人是_ 牛的 B. 慷慨的 C. 不壞的 D. 令人景仰的 E. 好色的,GRE邏輯填空樣題,秦始皇，中國歷史上的第一個皇帝，是一個_皇帝。 殘暴的 B. 偉大的 C. 好色的 D. 奢侈的 E. 勤政的,GRE邏輯填空樣題

48、,秦始皇，中國歷史上的第一個皇帝，是一個_皇帝；他不分晝夜，每天批閱大臣上奏的關(guān)于政務(wù)的竹簡令人難以置信的達到數(shù)百斤。 殘暴的 B. 偉大的 C. 好色的 D. 奢侈的 E. 勤政的,GRE邏輯填空樣題,Melodramas were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world_ of _. A. bereft.theatricality B. composed.adversity C. full.circumstantiality D. deprived.polarity E. devoid.neutrality,A

49、melodramais a story or play in which there are a lot of exciting or sad events and in which peoples emotions are very exaggerated. Circumstantiality : detail,GRE邏輯填空樣題,Melodramas, which did not present neutral situations, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _ of _. A. be

50、reft.theatricality B. composed.adversity C. full.circumstantiality D. deprived.polarity E. devoid.neutrality,GRE邏輯填空樣題,Melodramas, which present the stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and corruption, good and evil, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a w

51、orld _ of _. A. bereft.theatricality B. composed.adversity C. full.circumstantiality D. deprived.polarity E. devoid.neutrality,GRE填空題邏輯關(guān)系考查的基本形式,EX9.3 The spellings of many Old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed. A. preserved B. shortened C.

52、preempted D. revised E. improved,76,考查空格和已有成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系,If youpre-emptan action, you prevent it from happening by doing something which makes it unnecessary or impossible,GRE填空題邏輯關(guān)系考查的基本形式,EX23-1 Although the revelation that one of the contestants was a friend left the judge open to charges of lack of_

53、, the judge remained adamant in her assertion that acquaintance did not necessarily imply_.,77,考查空格與空格之間的邏輯關(guān)系,Exoneration: the condition of being relieved from blame or obligation,GRE填空題的兩大基本原則,78,GRE填空題的兩大基本原則,79,公平原則,Whereas the art critic Vasari saw the painting entitled the Mona Lisa as an origi

54、nal and wonderful _ feat, the reproduction of a natural object, the aesthetes saw it as _ that required deciphering.,deciphering :If youdeciphera piece of writing or a message, you work out what it says, even though it is very difficult to read or understand. Emulation : ambition to equal or excel a

55、berration:If someone considers a person or their behaviour to be an aberration, they think that they are strange and not socially acceptable,背景知識,瓦薩里（1511-1574），意大利畫家、建筑師和藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家，代表作是 Lives of the Most Imminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors（1550） 夢娜麗莎微笑之謎: 500年來，人們一直對蒙娜麗莎神秘的微笑莫衷一是。不同的觀者

56、或在不同的時間去看，感受似乎都不同。有時覺得她笑得舒暢溫柔，有時又顯得嚴肅，有時像是略含哀傷，有時甚至顯出譏嘲和揶揄。在一幅畫中，光線的變化不能像在雕塑中產(chǎn)生那樣大的差別。但在蒙娜麗莎的臉上，微暗的陰影時隱時現(xiàn)，為她的雙眼與唇部披上了一層面紗。而人的笑容主要表現(xiàn)在眼角和嘴角上，達芬奇卻偏把這些部位畫得若隱若現(xiàn)，沒有明確的界線，因此才會有這令人捉摸不定的“神秘的微笑”。荷蘭阿姆斯特丹的一所大學(xué)應(yīng)用“情感識別軟件”分析出蒙娜麗莎的微笑包含的內(nèi)容及比例：高興83%，厭惡9%，恐懼6%，憤怒2%。 1993年，加拿大美術(shù)史家蘇珊吉魯公布了一項令人震驚的研究成果。她說蒙娜麗莎那傾倒無數(shù)觀賞者的口唇，是一

57、個男子裸露的脊背。旋轉(zhuǎn)90度后從鏡中看蒙娜麗莎抿著的笑唇，恰好是一個背部線條分明的結(jié)實男性脊背以及左臂和肘部的一角；再說，表現(xiàn)人體美和呼喚人性的覺醒，既是大師的人生哲學(xué)，又是他的藝術(shù)觀。,GRE填空題的兩大基本原則,81,GRE填空題的兩大基本原則,EX9.2 Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when _ was valued much more highly than it is today. A. Scen

58、t B. beauty C. elegance D. color E. variety,82,同義重復(fù)邏輯關(guān)系,GRE填空題的兩大基本原則,EX10.3 Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. A. uninformative B. startling C. harmless D. unregulated E. uncontrollable,83,反義重復(fù)邏輯關(guān)系,題目設(shè)計的基本原則,正確答案“合理且必然” 題目解答與知識、記憶、背景無關(guān) 空格判斷要邏輯收斂,題目設(shè)計的基本原則,Queen Elizabeth I has quite correctly been called a _ of the arts, because many young artists received her patronage. (Ex.27-5, P.54) (A) connoisseur (B) critic (C) fri