1、.直接引語和間接引語用法（完整版）一、概述引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說的話時有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語(direct speech)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話， 叫間接引語 (indirect speech) 。一般地講， 直接引語前后要加引號， 間接引語不用引號，而用賓語從句來表達。mr. black said,“ im busy.布”菜克先生說：“我很忙 ”。（直接引語）mr. black saidthat he was busy.布菜克先生說他很忙。（賓語從句是間接引語）從上例看來， 直接引語改為間接引語時, 除將直接引語改為賓語從句之外，還須對直接引語中的人稱和時態(tài)進行相應(yīng)的變化

2、，如上例直接引語中的i 改成了 he, am 則改成了 was 。現(xiàn)將由直接引語改為間接引語時應(yīng)注意的問題,分述如下：二、直接引語是陳述句時直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用連詞that 引導(dǎo)（ that 在口語中常省去），that 從句之前用 say 、 tell 等動詞，從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。1 、人稱的變化直接引語改為間接引語人稱要相應(yīng)的變化?？谠E如下：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新?！耙浑S主”即把直接引語中的第一人稱(如： i， me ，my ， mine ， we ， us， our ， ours) 變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱。“二

3、隨賓”即把直接引語中的第二人稱(you ，your ，yours) 變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語(即聽話人，如無聽話人， 可根據(jù)上下文的體會人為確定一個人稱)相一致的人稱。 “第三人稱不更新”即直接引語中的第三人稱 (he ， him ， his ， she ， her ， hers,it ，its,they,their ， theirs ， them) 變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。一隨主： he said ,i“l(fā)ike it very much. ” 他說： “我非常喜歡它 ”。 he said thathe likedit very much.他說他非常喜歡它。(i 改為 he, it 不變 )

4、they said , ”our parents often go shopping with us.” they said their parents often go shopping with them.二隨賓 : he said,“you told me this story.他”說： “你給我講過這個故事。” he said thati had toldhim that story. 他說我給他講過那個故事。(you 改為 i, me 改為 him, told 改為 had told) she said to mary ,”how is your brother now?” she

5、asked mary how her brother was then.第三人稱不更新 : he said to me, “shesleft her book in your room”.他對我說： “她把書放在你的房間里去了。 ”he told me thatshe hadleft her book inmy room.他對我說她把書放在我的房間里去了。（ shesshe had ， her 不變， your my ） mr white said, ”hand is a good worker. ” mr white said hand was a good worker.2 、 時態(tài)的變化

6、直接引語直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時， 從句的時態(tài)要作出相應(yīng)的變化，一般現(xiàn)在時當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可以是任何時態(tài)；當(dāng)主句為一般過現(xiàn)在進行時去時，從句必須為過去時的某個時態(tài)。即“主過從過，主現(xiàn)從現(xiàn)在完成時任”。情態(tài)動詞也要變成相應(yīng)的過去式：一般過去時can could ； may might ；must must/had to過去完成時（ 1）主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時一般將來時如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變間接引語時，一般將來進行時從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語改為間接引語時 ,動詞時態(tài)相應(yīng)變化表：一般將來完成時 he said, “i usuallywatch tv

7、 on sunday. ”他說： “我常在星期天看電視 ”。間接引語一般過去時過去進行時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時 (不變 )過去將來時過去將來進行時過去將來完成時. he said that he usuallywatchedtv on sunday.他 他常在星期天看 。 he said,“mi usingthe knife.他” ： “我正在用小刀?！?he said that hewas usingthe knife. 他 他正在用小刀。 she said,“havei not heardfrom him since may.”她 ： “自從五月份來我就沒有收到他的來信?！?she

8、 said that shehad notheard from him since may.她 自從五月份以來她就沒收到他的來信。 he said ， “camei to help you. 他” ： “我來幫助你。 ” he said thathe had cometo help me. 他 他來幫助我。 he said, “hadi finished my homework before supper. ”他 ： “晚 前我己做完了作 。 ” he said that he had finished his homework before supper. 他 晚 前他己做完了作 。 zho

9、u lan said, “l(fā)lido it after class. 周 ” ： “下 后我就去做。 ” zhou lan said that shewould doit after class.周 下 后她就去做。 he said, “shalli be doingmy homework then. ”他 ： “那 我將正在做作 ?！?he said that heshould be doinghis homework then.他 那 他將正在做作 。 he said,“weshall have finishedthe work by that time.他” ： “我 將在那 以前完成工

10、作?！?he said that they should have finished the work by that time. 他 他 將在那 以前完成工作。注意：直接引 如果是客 真理、名人名言、與一個具體的 去 用 明客 事 ， 接引 ， 不 。 the teacher said,“the earthis round. ”老 ： “地球是 的。 ” the teacher said that the earthisround. 老 地球是 的。 he said,“wasi born in shangdong in 1965.”他 : 我“ 1965 年生于山 ?！?he said th

11、at hewas born in shangdong in 1965.他 他 1965 年生于山 。 he said, “columbusdiscovered america in 1492. ”他 ： “哥 布在 1492 年 了美洲。 ” he said columbus discovered america in 1492. 他 哥 布在 1492 年 了美洲。（ 2）主句的 是 在 或?qū)?如果主句的 是 在 或?qū)?，直接引 接引 ， 一律不 he says,“finishedi the work. ”他 ： “我做完工作了。 ”he says that hefinished the

12、 work. 他 他做完工作了。 he will say,“ihave wateredthe flowers.”會 ：他“我己 花了。 ”he will say hehas watered the flowers. 他會 他己 花了。3 、指示代 、 狀 和地點狀 的相 化 下表：直接引 接引 指示代 this/thesethat/thosenowthentodaythat daytonightthat nightthis week (month)that week (month) 狀 yesterdaythe day beforelast week (month)the week (mont

13、h )beforetwo weeks (month)agotwo weeks (months)beforetomorrowthe next daynext week (month)the next week (month)地點狀 herethere動詞comegobringtake he said,“i met mr. smith this morning. ”他 “我今天早晨 到史密斯了。 ”.he said that he had met mr. smiththat morning.他說他那天早晨見到史密斯了。 he said,“we went to the cinema yesterda

14、y. ”他說： “我們昨天去電影院了。” he said they had gone to the cinemathe day before. 他說前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕?lily said,“i will come backnext month. ”莉莉說： “我下個月回來。” lily said that she would go backthe next month. 莉莉說她下一個月就回去。 he said, “it is nine oclock now . ”他說： “現(xiàn)在九點了。 ” he said that it was nine oclockthen . 他說那時九點了。 he

15、 said,“i havent seen hertoday . ”他說： “今天我沒見到她。” he said that he hadnt seen her that day.他說那天他沒有見到她。 she said,“i went thereyesterday. ”她說： “昨天我去了那兒?！?she said that she had gone therethe day before.她說前一天她去了那兒。 she said,“ill go theretomorrow. ”她說： “明天我將去那兒?！?she sa id that she would go therethe next da

16、y.她說第二天她將去那兒。 he said,“my sister was here three daysago . ”他說： “三天前我妹妹在這兒?！?he said that his sister had beentherethree daysbefore . 他說三天前他妹妹在那兒。(here there;ago before) she said, “i willcome here this evening. ”她說： “今晚我將來這兒。 ” she said that she would go there that evening. 她說那晚她將去那兒。（ come go ；here t

17、here ； this that）以上這些變化 ,要根據(jù)說話的具體時間和具體地點的情況而定，不可機械照搬。 如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述， here就不必改為there, come也不必改為go, 如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或 tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。直接引語中的一般過去時如與一個具體的過去時間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時時態(tài)不變。 fath er said,“i am freethis afternoon”父親說： “我今天下午有空?！?father said that he was freethis afternoon. 父親說他今天下午有空。 he said,“i am g

18、oingthere tomorrow. ”他說 “我明天去那里?！県e said that he was goingthere tomorrow. 他說他明天去那里。巧記 :當(dāng)直接引語為陳述句，主句為過去時，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：去掉引號加that ，人稱變化要靈活，時態(tài)向后退一步，狀語變化按規(guī)定。she said , ”my brother doesnd want to go there.” she said that her brother didntwant to come here.三、直接引語是疑問句時直接引語如為疑問句，改為間接引語時，須將疑問句的語序改為陳述句的語序。其人稱

19、、時態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上。巧記： if( 或 whether)替引號，陳述語序要記牢。時態(tài)、人稱和狀語要變化，千萬別把它忘掉。1 、直接引語是 一般問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，須用連接詞whether 或 if 將其引出，使其成為間接引語的賓語從句。如果主句中的謂語動詞為said ，則將其改為asked 。如果謂語動詞后沒有間接賓語，可以加上一個間接賓語me, him, her,them, us等。 she said , is“ your father an engineer? ”她說： “你父親是工程師嗎 ?” she askedme whethermy father was an engineer.

20、 她問我說我父親是否是工程師。 the teachersaidto li ming, “have you finished your homework?”老師對李明說：“你做完作業(yè)了嗎 ?” the teacheraskedli ming whetherhe had finished his homework.老師問李明是否已做完作業(yè)了。2 、直接引語是 特殊問句.如果直接引 特殊疑 句, 改 接引 ，仍用特殊疑 句中的疑 what, where, when, who,how many 作 接 將其引出，構(gòu)成 接引 中的 從句，但 將疑 式的 改 述式。如果主句中的 said ， 將其改 as

21、ked 。巧 ：直接去引號， 述 序莫忘掉。助 do(does)、 did ，要去掉。 “what do you do every sunday morning? ”my friend said to me .我的朋友 我 ，每星期天上午你做什么 ? my friendaskedme what i didevery sunday morning.我的朋友 我每星期天上午我做什么。 “where have you been, li ming?”the teacher asked . 老 道： “你上哪里去了，李明?” the teacheraskedli ming where he had be

22、en. 老 李明曾去 哪兒。 i asked her,how“ many english books will youread next term?”我 她 ： “下學(xué)期你將 多少本英 ? ” i asked herhow many english books she would readthe next term.我 她下學(xué)期將 多少本英文 。 “when did youget up this morning?”asked my father我.父 道：“今天早晨你什么 候起床的?” my father asked mewhen i hadgot up that morning.我父 我那天

23、早晨我是什么 候起床的。注意： 直接引 里是： whats wrong with ?/whats the matter? /whats the trouble?/what has happened?/ 等特殊疑 句 , 接引 的 序不 。he said to herwhat“ s the matter with you?他” 她 “你怎么了？ ”he asked herwhat was the matter with her. 他 她怎么了。四、直接引 是祈使句當(dāng)直接引 是祈使句， 接引 要用”tell sb. (not) to do sth.” 構(gòu)。the teacher said to h

24、er mother ,”please give me the book.” the teacher told her mother to give her the book.巧 ：去掉引號要加to ； ask ， order 住，直引若是否定式，not 加在 to 前部。 述祈使句 ，要使祈使句的 原形 to 的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tell 、ask 、 order 等 ，如果祈使句 否定式，在不定式的前面加not 。如果祈使句中有please 一 ,改 接引 ，就將 please 去掉。成 ： told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (

25、not) to do something 構(gòu)。 he said, “sit down, please. ”他 ： “ 坐。 ” he asked me to sit down. 他 我坐下。 the teachersaid,“dont talkin class!”老 ： “上 不要 !” the teachertold us not to talkin class! 老 要我 上 不要 。 the captainsaid to his men,“fire! 上”尉 他的士兵 “開火！ ” the captainordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵 開火！ the

26、policeman said to the children,dont“ playfootball in the middle of the street.警察 ”孩子 ： “ 在 路中 踢足球?！?the policemanwarned the children not to playfootball in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子 不要在 路中 踢足球。五、點 考點i.改 ：1.he said that he is going to london.2.tom said they had finished the job yesterday.3.she

27、asked me don t smoke in the room.4.they asked that he was there.5.i asked you where was he going.6.the teacher told us not talk any more.7.the doctor said to his wife, not wait for me.8.he asked me who i am.9.mary said that she would see you tomorrow.10.mother asked what the matter was.ii.將下列句子改為間接引

28、語1.“ where will you go tomorrow?” , mother asked me.2.the old woman said to me,“ please lock the door for me.”3.the boytold his teacher,“ we went to an exhibition yesterday.”4.he said,“ ill go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.”5.“ hello,how are you?” , he said to me.6.tom said to me angrily,“ why don t you tell me you have been here for two weeks?”7.john said to mary,“ do you remember i borrowed a diamond necklace from you?”8.the teacher