1、專題5 閱讀理解：推理判斷題【構(gòu)建知識(shí)體系】推理判斷題考點(diǎn)1 細(xì)節(jié)判斷題考點(diǎn)2文章來源題考點(diǎn)3讀者對(duì)象題考點(diǎn)4觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題考點(diǎn)5預(yù)測(cè)推斷題2015-2017年全國(guó)高考卷本專題考查分布明細(xì)統(tǒng)計(jì)年份章節(jié)素材話題體裁考點(diǎn)分布主旨大意細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞義猜測(cè)2015第一節(jié)關(guān)于倫敦運(yùn)河博物館每月專題講座安排的海報(bào)應(yīng)用文0951作者離開寒冷的紐約去美國(guó)南部度假的感受記敘文介紹了在巴黎皮蓬杜藝術(shù)中心舉辦西班牙著名藝術(shù)家薩爾瓦多達(dá)利藝術(shù)展的情況記敘文法國(guó)咖啡館在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中彰顯心理溝通的社會(huì)功能，產(chǎn)生了積極的意義。議論文第二節(jié)重建人際關(guān)系中的信任的意義與措施說明文信息匹配2016第一節(jié)主要介紹了四位著名的女性的基

2、本情況。說明文1941主要介紹了社會(huì)上很多老年人搬到離子女近的地方居住的一種趨勢(shì)，同時(shí)也建議老人們要做出適合自己的選擇。說明文文章主要講述了作者在一次運(yùn)送造血干細(xì)胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。記敘文主要介紹了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含義。說明文第二節(jié)主要介紹了密碼的設(shè)置方法和破解方法。說明文信息匹配2017第一節(jié)文章主要從購(gòu)物點(diǎn)、就餐點(diǎn)、租借服務(wù)三方面介紹了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center為人們做的貢獻(xiàn)，呼吁人們的支持。應(yīng)用文1752救助一只小貓頭鷹，給它做新的窩，幫助它回到父母身邊的故事。記敘文文章講述了為提高人們

3、對(duì)于爵士樂的重視程度，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織 把4月30號(hào)定為了國(guó)際爵士樂日。然而這一行為還是沒能挽救爵士樂。Jason Moran認(rèn)為時(shí)代在進(jìn)步，為了將老一代人和年輕一代人聯(lián)接起來，爵士樂應(yīng)該也隨之進(jìn)步。說明文文章主要介紹了一種自己可以親手制作的簡(jiǎn)單易行的太陽(yáng)能蒸餾器的方法和它的工作原理。這種蒸餾器所需的材料簡(jiǎn)單，適用于任何缺水的地方。科普說明文第二節(jié)文章講述了三年前，作者對(duì)露營(yíng)一無所知，也不認(rèn)為自己會(huì)喜歡露營(yíng)。然而后來有過幾次露營(yíng)的經(jīng)歷，作者和他的家人開始愛上了露營(yíng)，甚至為露營(yíng)購(gòu)買了設(shè)備齊全的房車。作者認(rèn)為露營(yíng)是回歸大自然的一個(gè)方式，也建議讀者找到適合自己的回歸自然的方式。記敘文信息匹配2015

4、-2017年全國(guó)高考卷本專題考查分布明細(xì)統(tǒng)計(jì)年份章節(jié)素材話題體裁考點(diǎn)分布主旨大意細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞義猜測(cè)2015A我的彩電給我?guī)淼念^疼事：花的錢比廣告上的多，而且機(jī)子是過時(shí)的，質(zhì)量也有問題，最后只能花錢修。記敘文1581B減肥除了少吃之外，還和房間有關(guān)系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系會(huì)減少食欲；放一些舒緩的音樂就餐；用校的碗碟科普說明文C越來越多即將上大學(xué)的學(xué)生選擇“間隔年”。有人認(rèn)為是好事，因?yàn)榻?jīng)過一年的鍛煉，學(xué)生將會(huì)變得更加成熟、更有責(zé)任感。但也有人指出這種做法存在弊端，有些學(xué)生會(huì)因?yàn)樨?fù)擔(dān)不起大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)而被迫利用這一年去打工。社會(huì)現(xiàn)象議論類D從價(jià)格到參觀的內(nèi)容介紹了四個(gè)英國(guó)的旅游勝地。廣告應(yīng)用類比

5、2016A主要介紹了幾個(gè)廣告的具體內(nèi)容，涉及音樂、喜劇表演和歌曲等活動(dòng)的具體安排，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等。應(yīng)用文1932B主要講述了作者在上課的時(shí)候通過讓學(xué)生們拼裝玩具，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)并鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生們的創(chuàng)造性思維的故事。記敘文C主要介紹了網(wǎng)站BookC建立的目的以及它是如何促進(jìn)人們分享圖書的。說明文D主要介紹了Frank用圖片使一次失敗的南極航?；顒?dòng)重新進(jìn)入人們的視野，讓人們能夠了解這次航海的許多信息。記敘文2017A介紹了4則有關(guān)戲劇的廣告。分別介紹了四個(gè)用不同語(yǔ)言演繹莎士比亞戲劇的文化盛事。應(yīng)用文2562B作者用深情追憶了自己和Paul Newman因?yàn)橹救は嗤?、信念相守的深厚的友情?/p>

6、記敘文C本文比較詳盡地介紹了新型交通工具陸空兩用汽車的獨(dú)特性能和前景。說明文D文章通過兩位科學(xué)家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，植被也有奇特的自我保護(hù)和協(xié)作抗擊害蟲的方式?？破照f明文2016-2017年全國(guó)高考III卷本專題考查分布明細(xì)統(tǒng)計(jì)年份章節(jié)素材話題體裁考點(diǎn)分布主旨大意細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞義猜測(cè)2016A本文通過廣告的形式介紹了幾家舉行音樂演出的劇場(chǎng)的信息。應(yīng)用文11022B文章通過作家Welty一次與朋友在外面吃飯的經(jīng)歷，講述了小說中的人物大多都是來自現(xiàn)實(shí)生活。記敘文C介紹了蘋果節(jié)的一些情況。說明文D討論了新聞傳播的規(guī)則，以及讀者喜歡分享什么樣的文章。議論文2017A介紹了舊金山消防車旅游的四個(gè)旅游項(xiàng)目：舊

7、金山酒莊之旅，五十年代懷舊之旅，萬圣節(jié)幽靈之旅和假日花燈展之旅。應(yīng)用文2931BThe Plaza Theater，一座帶著一座城市記憶的劇院，由于種種原因，要面臨關(guān)門歇業(yè)。臨關(guān)門前，老板選了一部合適的老電影播放。傷心的觀眾眼含不舍的淚水。記敘文C生物鏈中任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出了問題都會(huì)對(duì)生態(tài)造成災(zāi)難性的破壞。黃石公園由于人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致灰狼幾近消失，幸虧當(dāng)?shù)卣扇〈胧┮M(jìn)灰狼，亡羊補(bǔ)牢，逐漸恢復(fù)了生態(tài)平衡。科普說明文D主要介紹了為老年人研制的一款電動(dòng)汽車。說明文【考綱解讀】考試大綱要求考綱解讀要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會(huì)、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多方面內(nèi)

8、容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主?？疾橹髦即笠?、細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測(cè)、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等題型。主旨大意題包括精確歸納標(biāo)題、概括文章大意和總結(jié)段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)，是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括和總結(jié)，做這類題目時(shí)要高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，不可以以偏概全。【剖析全國(guó)高考真題】預(yù)測(cè)高考命題方向1.【2017全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I】BI work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum i

9、n Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(貓頭鷹) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old o

10、wl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.I examined the chick(雛鳥) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I

11、put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence

12、 of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say tha

13、t the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.27. Howwouldtheauthorfeelabouttheoutcomeof

14、theevent?A. Itsunexpected.B.Itsbeautiful.C.Itshumorous.D.Itsdiscouraging.2.【2017新課標(biāo)全國(guó)I】DA build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an exc

15、ellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5 5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container perhaps just a drinkin

16、g cup to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place y

17、our cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center dow

18、n with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on

19、the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the f

20、irst paragraph?A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.C. Its complex. D. Its portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube. B. The still.C. The hole. D. The cup.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tube

21、B. outside the holeC. the open air D. beneath the sheet33.B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity可知最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮濕地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一個(gè)杯子，杯子上方用覆蓋膜遮擋。整個(gè)裝置構(gòu)成接水器，而不是某個(gè)部分。這一題很容易錯(cuò)選D，但是退一步講，就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實(shí)并不會(huì)因?yàn)橹車沫h(huán)境變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選B

22、。35.D 推理判斷題。結(jié)合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸發(fā)，在覆蓋膜上聚集起來直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。覆蓋膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝聚在覆蓋膜的下面。故選D。3.【2017新課標(biāo)全國(guó)II】DWhen a leafy plant is under attack ，it doesnt sit quietly. Bac

23、k in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a

24、mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chem

25、icals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The a

26、ttacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Doesthismeanth

27、atplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdontknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasntatrue,intentionalbackandforth. CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,ima

28、ginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(親密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Theresawholelotgoingon.35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The word is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more complex than it seemsD. People in

29、Darwins time were imaginative.35.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on”可知，這個(gè)世界遠(yuǎn)比我們看到或聽到的更熱鬧、更親密，我們認(rèn)知能力有限，有很多事仍在繼續(xù)發(fā)生，遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的要復(fù)雜。故選C。4.【2017新課標(biāo)全國(guó)III】CAfter years of heated debate, gray w

30、olves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental Unite

31、d States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Dee

32、r and elk populations major food sources (來源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes,

33、and completely drove away the park s beavers.As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill th

34、eir farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk,

35、deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.31.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone w

36、olf project？A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.【高考預(yù)測(cè)】縱觀近幾年全國(guó)高考試題，預(yù)測(cè)2018年全國(guó)高考試題還會(huì)卷在選材上繼續(xù)保持知識(shí)性和趣味性，語(yǔ)篇長(zhǎng)度適中，題材與體裁廣泛，彰顯文化特色，重點(diǎn)考查考生快速獲取、處理、分析信息的能力。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占總量的60%左右，難度與上年持平，預(yù)計(jì)難度系數(shù)0.6。卷文章體裁繼續(xù)延續(xù)記敘文和說明文占主體的局面，另有一篇議論文和一篇廣告類說明文。題型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題略有所增加，詞義猜測(cè)題2題左右。【精講研法】課堂講解突破核心考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)一 細(xì)節(jié)判斷題【例1】Confl

37、ict is on the menu tonight at the caf La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of Frances favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isnt always easy. They customer

38、s - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick to intellectualize (高談闊論)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say one feels, or people think,” Lehane told them. “Say I think, Think me.”A caf society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It could

39、nt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology caf is about more than knowing oneself: Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generations de

40、sire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening. The citys psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle

41、-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehannes group just to learn to say what they feel. “Theres a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works

42、as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says shed like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldnt exist”, she says, “If life werent a battle, people wouldnt need a special place jus

43、t to speak.” But them, it wouldnt be France.34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs.B. Supply better drinks.C. Save the cafe business.D. Serve the neighborhood.35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A. They bring people true friendship.B. They give people spiritua

44、l support.C. They help people realize their dreams.D. They offer a platform for business links.【答案】34. C 35. B 規(guī)律方法1： 如何解決細(xì)節(jié)判斷題？細(xì)節(jié)判斷題屬于深層理解題，要求根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。做此類題目關(guān)鍵是要正確把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，要忠實(shí)于原文，千萬不能主觀臆斷，隨意揣測(cè)，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。此類題目的題干一般包括六個(gè)動(dòng)詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，

45、設(shè)想)和conclude(推斷，做出結(jié)論)。【變式精練】【廣東七校聯(lián)合體2018屆高三第二次聯(lián)考試】CTeaching can be one of the most satisfying jobs in the United States. Yet many American teachers say they feel overworked, undervalued, and underpaid. This has led to what education experts call “teacher burnout,” a feeling of mental, physical, and

46、emotional exhaustion.In all, nearly 50 percent of American teachers leave the profession before their fifth year. That information comes from a 2010 study by the advisory service McKinsey & Company.And, a 2016 study from Penn State University found that 46 percent of teachers report high daily stres

47、s. Teachers say the stress affects their sleep, health, teaching performance, and quality of life. The study identified mindfulness training as one promising solution for improving teacher well-being.The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California Berkeley studies the science and pra

48、ctice of well-being. It defines mindfulness as keeping “a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment.”A person can reach this emotional state by spending time in quiet thought, without judging these thoughts and feelings. A number of people a

49、lso meditate they take slow, deep breaths to become calm.Many organizations around the country have designed mindfulness training programs for schools. Some of them are designed for teachers. The programs seek to reduce teacher stress while helping them be more effective in the classroom.Maureen Nau

50、ghton is a seventh grade science teacher at a public middle school in the Bronx section of New York City. As a highly active teacher, Naughton would sometimes forget to take time to herself. But after the programs she shared the methods such as mindful walking and mindful eating ways of enjoying tho

51、se activities fully instead of being distracted by worries or responsibilities.Naughton also said the deep breathing methods help her to maintain calm when faced with the stress of trying to “meet everyones needs.”11. What can we infer from Naughtons words?A. The deep breathing methods are a good wa

52、y to let her keep calm when faced with stress.B. She dislikes the deep breathing methods.C. Dont be distracted by worries or possibilities.D. Enjoy all kinds of activities carefully.【答案】 11. A11. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后Naughton also said the deep breathing methods help her to maintain calm when faced with the

53、 stress of trying to “meet everyones needs.”諾頓還說，深呼吸的方法幫助她在面對(duì)“滿足每個(gè)人的需求”的壓力時(shí)保持冷靜?？芍鎸?duì)壓力時(shí)，深呼吸也是一種好的方法。故選A?？键c(diǎn)二 文章來源題【例2】The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警覺)Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.S

54、he stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝視) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice a

55、s long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots ch

56、anges.Perhaps it is just the newness？When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown