1、四川省宜賓市南溪二中高二英語必修四Module 4 Great scientists語法學(xué)案課題Great Scientists課時1 課時教學(xué)目標(biāo)1.Revise some language points. 2. Learn more about Grammar of the module .3.Learn to use this Grammar.教學(xué)重點Revision of passive voice教學(xué)難點Deal with some important exercises about it.課堂導(dǎo)學(xué) (一)語態(tài)分類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者

2、，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動) 漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用： be+過去分詞 構(gòu)成。(二)被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣,列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are + done一般過去時was/were + done 一般將來時Shallwill +be+ done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are+

3、being+done過去進(jìn)行時was/were+being +done過去將來時Should/would+be+done現(xiàn)在完成時Has/have+been+done過去完成時 Had +been + done注被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時和過去將來進(jìn)行時。(三)被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 People grow rice in the south of the states. _(改為被動) The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We _enter the chemistry l

4、ab without a teacher. (被動) 2. 一般過去時 He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. And the students didnt forget his lessons easily. He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons_. 3. 一般將來時 They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars _abroad by sea. They will give

5、 plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs _school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時 The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project _5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons _ 6. 過去進(jìn)行時 This time last year we were planting trees

6、 here. Trees _7. 現(xiàn)在完成時 Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I _ the sports meet might be put off. 8. 過去完成時 People had considered him to be a great leader. He _9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 e.g. The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class.

7、 ” The teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ” He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters _ (四)被動語態(tài)的使用1. 當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by短語。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的)。 2. 突出或強調(diào)動作

8、的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3. 當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in+ 名詞作狀語，而代替by短語。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.英譯漢：_ (五)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法1. 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。 2. 把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的b

9、e+ 過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。 3. 把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in+ 地點名詞作狀語。如：My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語 謂語 賓語 I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party. 主語 謂語 賓語The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was s

10、et up in the school. (六)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤) 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was g

11、iven a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：A present _ 注意：一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。 The magazine was passed on to me. _The cup with mixture _(show)the class. _一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞for, 如：buil

12、d, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 Mother made me a new skirt. _有些既不用to也不用for, 根據(jù)動詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。 People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語) 3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個

13、及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有： 不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。 The patient is being operated on. _The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. _及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point

14、out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。 他的請求被拒絕了。_The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. _4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notic

15、e, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to的問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應(yīng)將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them

16、love apples. _誤：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples. 5. 還有一種短語動詞由動詞+ 名詞+ 介詞構(gòu)成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下： 1)We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must _ Your pronunciatio

17、n _用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞常見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。 6. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：T

18、he question can not be answered by anybody. 7. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. _-誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

19、8. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 9. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如： The cloth washes easily. _The new product sells well

20、. _The pen writes smoothly. _The books sell well. (主動句) 對比： The books were sold out. (被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句) 對比： The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句)10. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句： 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 The food tastes delicious. The pop

21、 music sounds beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, suc

22、ceed, remain, lie等。 1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 2)After the earthquake, few houses remained. 第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如： I taught myself English. 誤：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 誤：Each other is loved. 11. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主

23、語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示，如： 據(jù)說It is said that 據(jù)報導(dǎo)It is reported that 據(jù)推測It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 有人建議It is suggested that 1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electri

24、c lamp. 高考鏈接：1. The church tower which will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored2. This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.A. was named B. named C. is named D. names3. Every year a flood of fa

25、rmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns.A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised4. Youve failed to do what you to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. A. will expect B. will be expected C. expected D. were expected5.In th

26、e spoken English of some areas in the US，the “r”sounds at the end of the words _.A are dropped B drop C Are being dropped D have dropped針對訓(xùn)練：1. It is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.A. designed B. has been designed C. will be designed D. will have been designed2. We are late. I expect th

27、e film _by the time we get to the cinema.A. will already have started B. would already have startedC. shall have already started D. has already been started3. She will stop showing off if no notice_ of her. A. is taken B. takes C. will be taken D. has taken4. Diamond _in Brazil in 1971.A. is found B

28、. has been foundC. was found D. had been found5. “Have you moved to the new flat?”“Not yet. The room _.”A. has been painted B. is paintedC. paints D. is being painted6. My pictures _until next Friday.A. wont develop B. arent developedC. dont develop D. won t be developed7. Tim _since he lost his job three weeks ago.A. had been unemployed B. was unemployedC. has been unemployed D. has unemployed8. A great number of colleges and universities _since 1949.A. has been establish B. have been established C. have established D. had been established9. Ill have to push the car to the side of the ro