1、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 Conversion,最主要的翻譯技巧,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換就是把英語中的某種詞性，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的另外一種詞性來表達的翻譯技巧。,不管在英譯漢還是漢譯英中，根據(jù)翻譯成英文或是漢語的習(xí)慣，通常都會進行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，以適應(yīng)英語或是漢語的表達習(xí)慣,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換：幾乎可以在所有詞性間進行， 名詞-動詞， 動詞-名詞， 介詞-動詞， 副詞-動詞， 名詞-形容詞,example,I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination. 你決定戰(zhàn)勝復(fù)習(xí)考試中的困難, 這一點我很羨慕.,譯者不應(yīng)是語法老師的乖孩子,

2、傳統(tǒng)分類 詞性(parts of speech)： 名詞、動詞、代詞、介詞、副詞、連接詞等 奈達的劃分法分類 詞類：實體(object)、事件(event)、抽象概念(abstract)、關(guān)系(relations),實體指具體的人和物等，如book, women, ghost等詞； 事件指行動、過程等發(fā)生的事，如go, love, talk, grow 等；,3.抽象概念指對實體和事件等質(zhì)量和程度的描寫，如green, slowly, often等 4.關(guān)系指用來將實體、事件、抽象概念連接起來的手段，如conjunctions, prepositions等。,不按詞性按詞類,這四個類別要比 詞

3、性 能更清楚地描寫語言成分間的各類關(guān)系。,不按詞性按詞類,the beauty of her dancing/ her beautiful dancing beauty (abstract) her (object) dancing (event) 試比較：1、她優(yōu)美地跳著舞； 2、她的舞姿優(yōu)美； 3、她舞跳得很美。,不按詞性按詞類,Environmentally damaging waste,不按詞性按詞類,傳統(tǒng)的語法： environmentally（副詞）， Damaging（形容詞化了的動名詞） 譯成“在環(huán)境上有損害的廢物” ？,奈達的分析法： environmentally （obj

4、ec）, Damaging（event） Waste （object） 三個詞之間的修飾關(guān)系是 3(waste) does 2(damage) to 1 (environment) 譯成“損害環(huán)境的廢物”。,名詞轉(zhuǎn)換 1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞 2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞 3.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,英漢詞語特點,漢語中動詞用得比較多，這是一個特點，往往在英語句子中只用一個謂語動詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個動詞或動詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。,漢語常用動詞形式,兼語式 連動式,英語的最一般的句式結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + 謂,漢語語言動詞豐富 英語語言名詞豐富,英漢互譯時學(xué)習(xí)者要注意增減動詞,在英譯漢中，英語中許多抽象名詞是由動

5、詞派生出來的，所以，翻譯的時候，將名詞復(fù)原成動詞來表達，則更符合漢語的習(xí)慣。,example,He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他對總統(tǒng)聲明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩。 謂語動詞只有admires一個詞，其他用的是過去分詞（stated）、動詞派生名詞（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介詞（for）等,動詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,example,1.The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East con

6、flict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.,example,1967年聯(lián)合國文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承認以色列的生存權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)上來解決中東沖突。,example,2.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式飛機，聽見隆隆的機聲，令我特別神往。含有動作意味的名詞（在記敘、描

7、寫文體中出現(xiàn)較多）往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。,example,3.A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。,example,Wherever you go, there are signs of human presence. 無論你走到哪里，總有人跡存在,example,Examples is not the main thing in influencin

8、g others. It is the only thing. 說以身作則是影響人的主要方法，那是不對的。它是影響人的唯一方法。 Wait for a break in the traffic before crossing the road. 要等到暫無車輛來往時，才能過馬路。,example,To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg. 在某種程度上說，這已成了一個先有雞還是先有蛋的問題。,example,We were fortunate in our opponent. 有這樣一個對手，倒是我們的

9、幸運。,英語中：加后綴-er的名詞,如: teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強的動作意味，在漢語中沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?yīng)名詞時，往往可以譯成動詞。,example,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必會教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,example,Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans pas

10、t wrong doings. 在和兒子談話時，老人寬恕了年輕人過去所干的壞事。,example,He is a good singer. Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.,作為習(xí)語主體的名詞 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,有些短語中作為中心主體詞的名詞往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞，如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look.,example,You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest? 你一定很累了為

11、什么不休息一會呢?,example,The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff. 汽車猛的剎住,停在懸崖邊上.,example,They took a final look at Iron Tower, still intact in the darkness. 他們最后看了鐵塔一眼它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。,example,The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一個新聞節(jié)目比通常

12、短，沒 有提到游行。,2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞,example,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這人爭取過來。,example,The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市長有禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。,名詞

13、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,example,This issue is of vital importance. 這個問題至關(guān)重要的. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她的蒼白的臉色清楚地表明她此時的情緒.,介詞轉(zhuǎn)換 介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,1.介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,example,Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 來啦！她轉(zhuǎn)

14、身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。,example,I flied straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. 我筆直向前飛行，越過港口，飛臨海面。,example,Colonel House was between the sheets by eleven. 十一點時，豪伍斯上校已睡在被窩里。,動詞轉(zhuǎn)換,動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯名詞,英譯漢時，有些動詞很難按原詞性翻譯，這時就需要譯成名詞才符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。,example,A well-dressed man, who looked and talked

15、 like an American, get into the car. 一個穿著講究的人上了車。他的外表和談吐都像個美國人。,Be done 受.到 遇.到 令.,example,He was treated very shabbily by the press . I was encouraged by our president.,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換 1. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞 2. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 3. 形容詞譯成動詞,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞,英語名詞譯成漢語動詞時，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞,example,It was a clear and unemotional exposition

16、 of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. 這篇發(fā)言清楚明白、心平氣和地說明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對話的原因。,example,This is sheer nonsense. 完全 Buckley was in a clear minority. 顯然,example,We must make full use of exiting technical equipment.,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,example,Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut sof

17、t. 史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。,example,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。,example,Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護窮人。,形容詞譯成動詞,example,Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。,be +形容詞,exam

18、ple,I am worried about his health. 擔(dān)心 We are satisfied with what she did. 感到滿意。,與思維和知覺相關(guān)的形容詞：aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等；,與情感相關(guān)的形容詞：glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful,

19、sorry等,與欲望相關(guān)的形容詞：desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous。,example,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.,example,Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.,example,I am anxious about his health.,副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,1. 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,examp

20、le,That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起來了,example,She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。,副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,example,They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是，他們思想的工作沒有他們組織的工作做得好。,example,He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱，但思想健康。,副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容

21、詞,example,Security laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally. 證券法要求公司給所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。,連詞轉(zhuǎn)換,英語中連詞表示邏輯上的各種關(guān)系和含義，翻譯時要表示出來。,example,Five and five is ten. 五加五等于十。,example,The distance is four kilometers or 2.8 miles. 距離是四公里，合2.8英里。,example,Let them call themselves Taiwan and we will invite them . 只要他們稱自己是臺灣，我們就邀請他們參加。,Answers to assignments,1.Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. 2.Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the e