1、,虛擬語氣,1 語氣概述 在英語中，隨著說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度不同，謂語動詞就用不同的形式，即稱為語氣。英語語氣有三種：陳述語氣，祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。 虛擬語氣表示只存在于講話人想象中的假設或推測，而不是客觀現實中的真實事件。它表示懷疑、憂慮、推測、假設、想象或祝愿等，如,n I wish you were more careful.,n If I were not so busy, I would go and help him.,2 虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句與結果主句中的謂語動詞 形式。,條件句中的 結果主句中的,謂語動詞謂語動詞,與現在事實相反 動詞過去式should/would

2、,( be用were)could/might+動詞原形,與過去事實相反had+過去分詞 should/would/could,might+have+過去分詞,與將來事實可能動詞過去式,相反should+動詞原形 should/would/could/,were+動詞原形might+動詞原形,注意：1主句中的should通常用于第一人稱，would可用于各種人稱。根據意義上的需要可用情態(tài)動詞could,might代替should,would. 2 條件從句中如果謂語動詞是be,其過去式所有人稱的單復數都用were,但在口語中，第一人稱和第三人稱單數可用was代替were.但在if I were

3、you中，必須用were,不能用was代替。,3. 虛擬語氣在條件從句中和結果主句中的用法 （1）與現在事實相反時 1. Im very busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you. 我很忙， 如果我有時間，我就當然會與你一起去看電影。（事實上我沒有時間，也不能與你一起看電影） 2. If I were you, I should go and see the dentist at once. 如果我是你，我就馬上去看牙醫(yī)。（事實上我不是你，也不會去看牙醫(yī) ） 3. If there were no

4、gravity, we should not be able to walk. 如果沒有引力，我們就不能走路。（事實上有引力，我們也能走路。）,（2）與過去事實相反 1. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met her. 如果你早來幾分鐘，就會見到她了。（事實上沒有早來，也 沒有見到她） 2. If I hadnt taken your advice, I would have made a big mistake. (3) 與將來事實可能相反 1. If it were Sunday tomorrow, I woul

5、d go to see my friend there. 2. If I should do it, I would do it another way. 3. If I were to see him, I would speak to him about it. 4. I I dropped the glass, it would break.,4 省掉if 的條件從句結構,在書面語中，有時可不用連詞if,而把were,had 或,should 移到主語前，形成沒有if 的條件從句，其,意義不變。,n If you had invited us, we should have,come t

6、o your party.,n Had you invited us, we should have come,to your party.,n Had you invited us, we would have come,to your party.,5 混合虛擬條件句 如果虛擬條件句與結果主語的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，主從句的謂語動詞就要根據各自動作發(fā)生的時間選用相應的虛擬語氣形式，如,n If he had followed the doctors advice, he would,be quite all right now. 他若當時聽醫(yī)生的話，他現在就痊愈了。,n Had I tak

7、en my umbrella with me when I came,out this morning, I should not be wet now.如果我早上出來時帶了傘， 現在就不會淋濕了。,6 含蓄虛擬條件句 有時虛擬語氣不用條件從句，而是通過上下文或用介詞短語 等表示出來，這種虛擬語氣叫含蓄 虛擬條件句，如,n The gifts to him would have filled a railroad freight,car .(貨車）,n I couldnt have lived through Christmas without,giving you a present.,n

8、Bur for the leadership of the party, we would not,live a happy life today.,n Man would die without air and water.,7 虛擬語氣的其它用法 （1）在主語從句中的用法,在這類句型里，that 所引導的主語從句的謂語動詞，常用,should動詞原形，should 可省去，但不換為would。,主句里謂語動詞時態(tài)不限，這類句型常用一下三種形式：,A. It is /was +形容詞+that適用于這一句型的常用形容 詞有： necessary, important, natural, st

9、range, imperative, urgent, essential, probable, better, keen, possible, eager, anxious, unthinkable, astonishing等,n It is necessary that the question (should) be,settled at once.,n It seems incredible that he should have finished,the work so soon.,n It was quite natural that he should think so.,B. I

10、t is/was + 名詞that 適用于這一句型的名詞常有 ：a pity, a shame, no wonder等，如,n,Its a great pity that he (should) be so hard on her.真遺憾，他會對她這樣苛刻。,n,Its a shame that he should have done such a thing.,C. It is /was 某些動詞的過去分詞that適用于這一句型的動詞的過去分詞常用：suggested, requested, proposed, desired, ordered, decided等，如：,n,Its requ

11、ested that Mr.Wang (should) give a performance at the party.,n,It was arranged that they should leave the following week.,n,It has been decided that the meeting should be postponed till next Saturday.,(2) 在賓語從句中的用法 A. wish 后的賓語從句應用虛擬語氣，來表示未實現或不大可能實現的愿望。Wish的時態(tài)不影像其后賓語從句的時態(tài)，引導賓語從句的that 可省去，其構成形式如下：,主句

12、謂語動詞從句謂語動詞,wish時態(tài)謂語動詞形式,現在式動詞過去式,（與主句謂語動詞同時發(fā)生）（be用were/was),過去式,（在主句謂語動詞之前發(fā)生）had+過去分詞,將來式should/would/might/could+動詞原形,（在主句謂語動詞之前發(fā)生）,n I wish I were/was as strange as you.,我希望象你一樣健壯。,n How I wish it was not raining!,現在如果不下雨多好啊。,n I wish I remembered the address.,我要是記得地址就好了。,n I wish he hadnt gone.,他

13、要是沒去該多好。,n He wished you would go and see him.,他愿你去看看他。,n Monica wished she hadnt come.,莫妮卡愿她沒來過。,B.,某些動詞后的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，這類動詞常用 的有demand, suggest, order, insist, propose,request, command, desire, require, ask, move等 。其謂語動詞形式是(should) +動詞原形，如:,n I requested that you (should) not eat the meat.,n,She ins

14、isted that the seats (should) be booked in advance.,n He suggested that the doctor (should)be sent for.,這類動詞后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，并不考慮是否與事實相符或相反，或愿望有無實現可能。而只是用（should)+動詞原形這種形式。,上述suggest,insist等動詞后的賓語從句有時根據意義可不 用虛擬語氣，如：,n The boys looks suggested that he was happy to,have given his life for his country.(sugg

15、est 表示、表明、暗示之意）,n He insisted that liming was right.他堅持認為黎明是,正確的。,(3)在狀語從句中的用法 A. 以as if, as though引起的狀語從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動,詞形式與wish后的賓語從句相同，be 用were或was，如,n They talked/are talking as if/though they had,been friends for years.,n He spoke to me as if/though I were/was deaf.,n She acted as if she would come

16、and help us,tomorrow.,B. 以in order that, so that, that引起的目的狀語從句可以用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞多用may, might, can, could+動詞原形，如果狀語從句是否定句，可用should動詞原形，如,n She stayed at home for a few days so that she,might/could take care of her mother.,n The teacher spoke slowly in order that the,students could/might hear him clearly.

17、,n She took a taxi to the station so that she should,not miss the train.,C. 以whatever, whoever, no matter what/who 之類代詞或詞組引起的讓步狀語從句中用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞多用may動詞原形，如,n I wont let you in whoever you may be.,n,No matter what you may say, Im determined to do what I think is right.,n,You mustnt be proud, however mu

18、ch you may have achieved.,D. 以lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句用虛擬語氣， 謂語動詞多用should+動詞原形構成，如,n He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.,n,He put his coat over the soldier for fear that/lest he should catch cold.,n,Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.,(4) 在表語從句中，主句的主

19、語如果是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea, advice, demand, necessity, plan, decision等，其后的表語從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用should動詞原形，,n,His suggestion is that we(should) plant more trees.,n My idea is that we (should) go without him.,As if/though引導的表語從句中也可用虛擬語氣，如：,n She looks as though she were sick.,n,I feel/fe

20、lt as if we had known each other for years.,但as if /as though后面的從句的情況如果是可能發(fā)生的或被認為是真實的， 常用陳述語氣，如,n He walks as if he is drunk(=he is probably drunk),n,He walks as if he were drunk,(=he walks as if he were drunk but he is not),(5) 虛擬語氣在同位語從句中的用法 在suggestion, proposal, idea, order, plan,request, requir

21、e等名詞后的同位語從句用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞用should+動詞原形，如,n What do you think of Mr. Li s proposal that we,(should) put on a play at the English evening?,n They received orders that the work (should) be,done at once.,(6)It is (high,about) time句型要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞用should動詞原形（should不省略)， 或動詞過去式，如,n It is time we were/should be

22、off.,n It is high time that we went/should go to bed.,(7) 虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法,A. 用may +動詞原形表示祝愿，但愿等。May 如,放在句首，,n May good luck be yours! 祝你順利,n May you succeed! 祝你成功。,n May you be happy!祝你幸福。,B. 動詞原形live用在long live中，表示強烈的愿望，祝愿,n Long live the people! 人民萬歲！,n Long live the peoples republic of china! 中華人民,共

23、和國萬歲！,C 情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現在時間，表示說話人的謙虛，客 氣，有禮貌，或語氣婉轉，常用于日常用語,n Would you leave a note for her?,n,You might as well put the meeting off for a new days.,n Could you tell me the way to the station.,n It would be better for you not to stay up too late.,n I would rather not tell you.,1. -It is a secret. Mr.Wang

24、 wont let anybody know about it . -But its important to me that you _me all the information. a. shall give b. give c. gave d. will give,2. John insisted that his teacher _ not wrong.,a. should be b. be c. is d. was,3 -You didnt tell me that you wanted to go to the concert. -If you_me, I would have b

25、ooked a seat for you.,a. told b. had told c. have told d. should tell,4 Her worried look suggests that her mother _ badly ill.,a. be b. should bec. isd. was,5 The manager insisted that they _another shoe factory.,a. should build b. built c. would buildd. be built,7 What a pity it was that you didnt

26、tell me about the accident. If you had told me, I _you.,a. would help b. helpedc. had helped,d. would have helped 8 Professor Wang suggested that the patient _at once.,a. be operated onb. must operate on,c. should be operated d. had to operate,9 _you to see your girl friend, what would you say to he

27、r.,a. if b. when c. were d. was,10 It _ hard now, or else we _go out and play football.,a. rains, shallb. is raining, could,c. rained, shouldd. would rain, might,11 _ I unlocked the door, I would have entered the office.,a. if b. have c. whend. had,12 -Did you enjoy the play on Friday evening ? -Yes

28、, but I wish I _a high fever.,a. hadnt b. hadnt hadc. would have notd. have,13 If it _tomorrow afternoon, I shall stay at home watching TV.,a. snows b. will snow c. had snowedd. should snow,14 If you had studied your English hard, your teacher _ you last time.,a. should failb. would not have failed,c. failedd. hadnt failed,15 If you_ your doctors advice, you would be better now.,a. followedb. were to followc. had followed,d. should follow 16 If you _ your doctors advice, you will be better soon.,a. followed b. follow c. had followedd. should follow,17