1、英語實用文體的特征與翻譯,Stylistic Characteristics of Practical English and Its Translation 副譯審朱植德 在溫州職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院的學(xué)術(shù)報告 2006.6.21,一實用文體翻譯是當(dāng)前翻譯 市場的實際需求 當(dāng)前本市翻譯市場的實際需求主要是實用文體的三個方面: 1. 科技、生產(chǎn)類； 2. 經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易類; 3. 出國文件類。 其中以科技生產(chǎn)類與經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易類需求量為最大。以英語為主, 以筆譯為主。,二、英語實用文體的特征,1. 什么是英語實用文體？ 所有語類的語篇可以歸結(jié)為兩大類： 實用文體，（2）文學(xué)文體。 文學(xué)語篇的職能是利用語言給人以樂趣

2、和美的享受。而實用文體是“直接以傳遞信息或服務(wù)的語篇類型”（張德祿，1998：297）。,2. 英語語體的分類 美國語言學(xué)家馬丁朱斯 (Martin Joos) ，提出了以下著名的五種語體: 莊重體(frozen style) 、正式體（formal style）、商洽體（consultative style）、隨意體（casual style）、親密體（intimate style）的理論。,3、英語實用文體的正式性表現(xiàn) 頻繁使用術(shù)語（技術(shù)詞）、半術(shù)語 （半技術(shù)詞）; 普遍使用正式程度高的 普通詞; 大量使用名詞與名詞化結(jié)構(gòu); 大量使用長句與擴展的簡單句; 使用被動語態(tài); (6)靠結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行語

3、篇的謀篇布局與銜接等。,1)術(shù)語與半術(shù)語的嚴(yán)肅性與翻譯,(1). 術(shù)語的重要性 例： “方箱機”，英文是 platen press?！芭菡职b機”, 英文采用 blister packing machine，如果用foam來代替其中的blister就不妥。,(2). 術(shù)語的權(quán)威性與嚴(yán)肅性 中國國務(wù)院有“全國科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞審 定委員會”，負(fù)責(zé)審定有關(guān)術(shù)語。國外由 相關(guān)專業(yè)協(xié)會審定。國內(nèi)外均以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件 的形式公布審定的術(shù)語。正規(guī)出版社出版 的英-漢或漢-英詞典是對術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件的 補充。不是來自紙張型正規(guī)詞典的電子版 與網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞典質(zhì)量不如紙張型, 其中部分可 靠性存疑。,(3). 專業(yè)性與半專業(yè)性術(shù)語與

4、翻譯 .專業(yè)性術(shù)語 只有部分術(shù)語沒有同形異義與同義異形現(xiàn)象，同義或近義的術(shù)語不少。 例：Roentgen rays或X-rays。 例：expressway或freeway，milestone, kilometer stone 或land stone。,半專業(yè)性術(shù)語 英語半專業(yè)性術(shù)語的特點是： a). 同樣的術(shù)語在不同行業(yè)，不同專業(yè)里或不同情況下具有不同含義。如esthetics，negotiation (negotiable) b).不同的術(shù)語在不同 “變體”中表示同樣含義。如cell-tank；electrode-welding rod 。 c).在不同行業(yè)里同樣術(shù)語表示同樣的含義，但有不

5、同譯法。如：roller, 某些術(shù)語與專有名詞的翻譯錯誤舉例 以下譯例中, (A)為錯句。 例（1）投標(biāo)資格預(yù)審 （A） investigation of bidding qualification （ B ） prequalification (prequalifying) 例（2）（投標(biāo)中的）聯(lián)營體 （A） co-operating unit （ B ） joint venture 例（3）就地清洗裝置 （A） On-the-spot cleaning equipment （B） CIP apparatus 例（4）羊棲菜深加工處理。 （A）Further Processing of Ya

6、ngxicai Marine Alga （B）Further Processing of Hijiki,例（5）中國第一汽車集團公司 (A) China No.1 Automobile Group Company (B) China FAW Group Corporation 例（6）威姿 (汽車品牌) (A) Weizi (B) Vizi (中國合資品牌) 或 Vitz (日本原型車品牌) 或Yaris (歐洲原型車品牌) 例（7）城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (A) Sewage Disposal standard for urban and rural Treatment Plant (

7、B) Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant,2) 普通詞的正式性與翻譯,(1)、英語普通詞匯的正式性與非正式性 拉丁語與古法語派生詞，高雅而正式。它們一般較同義的、盎格魯撒克遜語的單詞（Anglo-Saxon words）為長。人們稱之為big words。 .正式文體中，常用用拉丁語與古法語派生詞； 用書面語單個動詞代替短語動詞 .合同與國際招投標(biāo)文件中的用詞正式性舉例 .工業(yè)產(chǎn)品說明書中的用詞正式性舉例,(2)、英語莊重文體中的莊重性詞匯與翻譯,例：While the princi

8、ple of this invention has been described with particularity, it should be understood that various alternations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims. （以上專門闡述了本發(fā)明的原理。應(yīng)該理解的是：只要不背離本發(fā)明精神，可以對本發(fā)明實施方案進(jìn)行各種改變與修正；

9、本發(fā)明的范圍是由以下所附的專利權(quán)項所限定的。）,再研究以下來自英國造船合同的一段文字: All payments made by the BUYER prior to delivery of the vessel shall be in the nature of an advance to the SELLER, and in the event this Contract is rescinded or cancelled by the BUYER, all in accordance with the specific terms of this Contract permitting

10、such rescission or cancellation, the SELLER shall refund to the Buyer in United States Dollars the full amount of all sums already paid by the BUYER to the SELLER under the contract, together with interest. (本船交貨前買方的所有已付款都須屬于付給賣方的預(yù)付款性質(zhì)。如果買方解除或撤消本合同，只要其解除或撤消本合同的所有細(xì)節(jié)均符合本合同中允許這種解除或撤消的具體條款，賣方須將買方已支付給賣方的

11、款項全額連同利息退還給買方, 用美元支付。),（3). 英語正式語體中的正式性詞匯與翻譯,a). 波音公司簡介 (加下劃線的為正式性詞匯) Boeing has been the premier manufacturer of commercial jetliners for more than 40 years. With the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in 1997, Boeings legacy of leadership in commercial jets, joined with the lineage of Douglas

12、airplanes, gives the combined company a 70-year heritage of leadership in commercial aviation. . Through Boeing Commercial Aviation Services, the company provides unsurpassed, around-the-clock technical support to help operators maintain their airplanes in peak operating condition. b). 美國ARCON焊接設(shè)備公司

13、的產(chǎn)品說明書 (見講義),(4) 翻譯中的用詞正式性對照分析： 原文：目前, 正在進(jìn)行工程項目地征用、拆遷處理。土地預(yù)審和地質(zhì)災(zāi)害評估、水土保持評估、地震評估報告已獲批復(fù)。工程“初步設(shè)計”已通過省發(fā)展和改革委員會審查和批復(fù)。（取自2005年招商引資重點項目介紹）,譯文1: Now, taking over land and taking away buildings are being carried out. The pre-qualification for land taking over and the evaluation of geological hazard, water an

14、d soil keeping, and earthquake have been approved. The feasibility study report of the project and the earliest design has been officially agreed by the Development and Reform Commission of Zhejinag Province. 譯文2: At present, the requisition of land and the removal for constructions are underway. Th

15、e prequalification for requisiting land and the evaluation of geological hazard, water and soil conservation, and earthquake have been approved. The feasibility study report of the project and the initial design has been ratified by the Development and Reform Commission of Zhejinag Province.,(5). 拉丁

16、語、古法語等派生詞 的適度使用 英語語言的發(fā)展趨勢總的說來是趨向簡單。 拉丁語、古法語派生詞等正式程度較高的詞，應(yīng)在某些語體中適度使用, 不可濫用。例: The number of books in the library has been going down. The stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.,3)、莊重體與正式語體的句子結(jié)構(gòu)特征,(1)名詞與名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的大量使用 、名詞的文體特征 科技英語中名詞可達(dá)35%以上。在某些科技變體中更多。實際上在經(jīng)貿(mào)等其他常用文體中，這個比例也很高。 、名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的

17、文體特征 A). 什么是名詞化 名詞化主要是指動詞的名詞詞性轉(zhuǎn)化，可以有以下四種形式： 動作名詞：examineexamination；動詞性名詞：examinethe examining；動名詞：examineexamining；不定式：examineto examine。它們的名詞性從逐漸減弱。,B).什么是名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)就是對名詞化的詞（也即以名詞化的詞為中心詞）加上各種修飾語構(gòu)成短語，在句子中起名詞作用。 如: test instrument open insurance policy to send pictures by email the active implement

18、ing of scien-tech policies by the high-tech enterprises along the southeast coast of China 等.,C). 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的特征 (a) 語篇簡潔 例l aHer father died when we were fighting against the invadersShe has since carried on the work by herself 例l bSince the death of her father when we were fighting against the invaders,

19、 she has carried on the work by herself,(b)語篇銜接 例2The moment the patient was sent into the hospital，the doctor arrived and examined herThe doctors arrival and examination of the patient brought about her very speedy recovery 例2 由兩個句子組成，前句述位中的動詞 arrived和examined，名詞化成arrival和examination后充當(dāng)下一句的主位。,(c).

20、 客 觀 例3 aWe must survey the underground rock structure geologically 例3 bA geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out,(d).正 式 例4In the summer of 1969，the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) easing of tension的使用，使句子顯得正式、莊重。如果改成urge to ease

21、the tense relationship”, 則顯得隨便、正式程度不足。,. 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點與局限性 名詞化也有局限性。 其一，造成抽象化,不適合用于具體、生動的描繪或說明。例：make maintenance/maintain。其二，施事與受事關(guān)系不明朗，例：complete degradation vegetable fiber- foamed tableware / fully-degradable vegetable fiber- foamed tableware。,名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)與翻譯： A).對外招商引資項目介紹翻譯中的 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)分析 例1：Project Background

22、 and Construction Conditions As a vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province, the Feiyunjiang River Bridge is burdened with increasingly heavy traffic flow in recent years as the economy develops rapidly in spite of the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou Expressway that sh

23、unts traffic to some extent. The project plays a significant role in effectively bypassing the traffic across the Feiyunjiang River Bridge, relieving the traffic congestion of the city and improving the traffic passing ability. According to the Zhejiang Provincial Government Document No. 1302000, th

24、e Feiyunjiang River Third Bridge is approved.,B). 對外招商引資項目介紹翻譯中運用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的文體學(xué)比較： 例1：原文：飛云江大橋是浙南閩北的交通咽喉，隨著經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，近幾年的交通量劇增，雖然甬臺溫高速公路分流了部分車流，但飛云江大橋交通仍然非常擁擠。,譯文1： The bridge across the Feiyunjiang River is the vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province. In recent ye

25、ars, the economy has developed rapidly. Although the expressway from Wenzhou to Ningbo through Taizhou shunts traffic to some extent, the flow of traffic on the bridge across the Feiyunjiang River is still increasingly heavy (58詞). 譯文2： As a vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and n

26、orth of Fujian Province, the Feiyunjiang River Bridge is burdened with increasingly heavy traffic flow in recent years as the economy develops rapidly in spite of the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou Expressway that shunts traffic to some extent.(46詞) .,例2：原文：在無線和寬帶通訊方面，摩托羅拉開拓創(chuàng)新、引領(lǐng)潮流，舉世聞名。 摩托羅拉是世界財富百強企業(yè)之一，其業(yè)務(wù)

27、和影響力遍布全球，2005年的銷售額為368億美元。 譯文1: Motorola is innovative and takes a lead in wireless and broadband communications, for which it is known around the world. As the company is one of the 100 enterprises selected by the Fortune magazine and has business and impact globally, Motorola had sales of $36.8 bi

28、llion in 2005.(49詞) 譯文2: Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of $36.8 billion in 2005.(33詞),(2) 長句與擴展的簡單句的經(jīng)常使用 . 長句的特征與翻譯: 例1：原文: The tenderer should be inf

29、ormed that, if he has delivered, posted or dispatched his tender prior to the formal submission date he has the right to modify or make corrections to it, provided that any such modifications or corrections are received by the employer/engineer in writing prior to the time specified for submission o

30、f tenders. 譯文：應(yīng)通知投標(biāo)人，只有當(dāng)面遞交、郵寄或以其它方式發(fā)送投標(biāo)書的日期與使雇主/工程師收到投標(biāo)書書面修改或更正意見的日期，均在投標(biāo)書規(guī)定提交日之前，他才有權(quán)對投標(biāo)書做出修改或更正。,例2： In a device such as a refrigerant compressor provided with a reciprocating piston having a stroke length which can be changed from one value to another in accordance with the direction of rotation

31、 of the crankshaft driving a connecting rod, there is provided an arrangement in which the top dead center position of the piston can be maintained irrespective of the changes in stroke length by an eccentric ring which has limited rotation on the crankshaft crankpin; and a second eccentric ring enc

32、ompassing the first eccentric ring and which has limited rotation relative to the end of the connecting rod. 譯文：往復(fù)式活塞安裝在諸如制冷壓縮機之類的裝置中。該活塞的行程長度值可以根據(jù)驅(qū)動連桿的曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向而改變。在此壓縮機類裝置中，裝有一機構(gòu)，可在行程長度發(fā)生變化時，使活塞的上止點位置保持不變。這是因為第一偏心環(huán)在曲軸柄銷上轉(zhuǎn)動幅度有限，而第二偏心環(huán)包含著第一偏心環(huán)，并相對于連桿端部，作限定轉(zhuǎn)動,.擴展的簡單句的特征與翻譯： 原文：The AD 598 is a complete

33、monolithic Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT) signal conditioning subsystem. It is used in conjunction with LVDTs to convert transducer mechanical position to a unipolar or bipolar dc voltage with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. All circuit functions are included on the chip

34、. With the addition of a few external passive components to set frequency and gain, the AD 598 converts the raw LVDT secondary output to a scaled dc signal. The device can also be used with RVDT transducers. 譯文：(AD 598 型線性可調(diào)差壓變壓器（LVDT）的信號調(diào)節(jié)子系統(tǒng)是全單片式的。該系統(tǒng)配用LVDT，將傳感器探測到的機械位置信號轉(zhuǎn)化為單極或雙極直流電壓，轉(zhuǎn)化準(zhǔn)確度高，重復(fù)性好。其

35、所有的電路功能都集中在芯片上。該子系統(tǒng)通過外加的幾個無源元件來蛇設(shè)定頻率與增益，可把LVDT的原始次級輸出轉(zhuǎn)換成比例直流信號。AD 598 型信號調(diào)節(jié)子系統(tǒng)還可配用RVDT（旋轉(zhuǎn)式可調(diào)差壓變壓器）。,三. 科技經(jīng)貿(mào)英語類實用文體的 英譯要點與難點 1. 中國特色詞匯的英譯: 原 文: 重合同, 守信用企業(yè) 參考譯文: Contract Observation Enterprise 錯誤與不妥的譯文: Strictly Obey Contract and Credible Enterprise Excellent Enterprises Who Adhering to the Contract

36、and the Credit keeping the contract heavy credit unit “promise the contract, keep the honor enterprise “guard contract and heaviest credit ”enterprise Stick-to Contract and Keep-Its- Word Unit contract-abiding and creditworthy company Following Contract and Observing Credit ”Enterprise keeping contr

37、act and credit enterprises contract-stressing and promise-keeping enterprises unit of keeping the contract with good credit Contract & Creditability Observing Enterprise contract-abiding and creditworthy company,2. 重復(fù)成分的英譯 A). 用代詞替代： 如：例（1）英譯漢不如英譯法容易。 譯文： Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. B). 用上義詞替代 鑄鐵通常被認(rèn)為是沒有延展性的，然而，最近的研究表明，鑄鐵可以熱鍛、熱軋或溫軋。 譯文：Cast irons normally are not considered to be m