1、第二章 翻譯的過程 Processes of Translation,第二章 翻譯的過程 2. 1 正確理解 2.1.1 正確理解句子 2.1.2 正確理解段落與篇章 2. 2 流暢表達(dá) 2.2.1 關(guān)鍵詞的表達(dá) 2.2.2 短語的表達(dá) 2.2.3 句子的表達(dá) 2.2.4 整體表達(dá) 2. 3 認(rèn)真審校 第二章綜合練習(xí)及參考譯文,第二章重點(diǎn),課堂互動(dòng)1,課堂互動(dòng)2,課堂互動(dòng)3,課堂互動(dòng)4,課堂互動(dòng)5,課堂互動(dòng)6,綜合練習(xí)1,綜合練習(xí)2,-end,3,翻譯是在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，用譯入語文字創(chuàng)造性地再現(xiàn)原文思想內(nèi)容的語言過程。 第一步是理解，第二步是表達(dá)。,第二章 翻譯的過程 Processes

2、 of Translation,4,優(yōu)美的譯文必須經(jīng)過下列翻譯過程 :,理解 分析 總體了解,表達(dá) 轉(zhuǎn)換 重現(xiàn)原文,審校 潤色 點(diǎn)睛出神,翻譯的過程,小點(diǎn)結(jié)束,5,2. 1 正確理解 (Comprehension Reading),6,理解,篇章 段落 詞句,詞義的選擇 固定搭配、成語、短語、慣用詞組 歧義 矛盾修辭 邏輯關(guān)系 夸張 重復(fù) 平行結(jié)構(gòu) ,理解的諸多方面如圖所示 ：,7,2. 1. 1 正確理解句子,句子是表達(dá)一個(gè)完整思想的、具有一定語法特征的最基本的語言單位。翻譯是不能只看半句話或開頭幾個(gè)詞就動(dòng)筆去譯，要讀完整個(gè)一句話，搞清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，分析句子成分，句子傳達(dá)的是什么意思，肯定什么，

3、否定什么，提出什么問題，表達(dá)什么愿望或情感，是否隱含什么，是否話中有話；還要看語言環(huán)境，根據(jù)一定的背景知識(shí)等。,8,例1：Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it. (G.A.Lensen: Russians Eastward Expansion) 【譯文】他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)無名小島后，便住了下來，在那里過冬。,9,例2：Eager to trust but determined to verify, many single women in an age of risky romance are hiring priva

4、te detectives to check the background of their suitors. (中國翻譯， N0.5, 1997) 【譯文】這個(gè)年月，就連談情說愛都有暗礁。許多單身女子對(duì)向自己求婚者既急切地想以身相許，卻又很想知道對(duì)方是否靠得住，于是就紛紛雇用私人偵探去查清對(duì)方的身世經(jīng)歷。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,10,2. 1. 2 正確理解段落與篇章,翻譯首先要通讀整個(gè)段落或全篇文章，先有個(gè)整體了解，知道說的是什么，要解決什么問題，關(guān)鍵在哪里，是什么結(jié)構(gòu)，做到胸中有數(shù)。,11,例1：On Friday, October 19 of this year, when the afterno

5、on sun was misty in an autumn sky, a part of Edgar Snow returned forever to the campus of Beijing University; as a young man, he had taught in the department of journalism on these same grounds, at what was then called Yenching. (Louis W. Snow: Edgar Snows Return) 【譯文】今年10月19日，正好也是星期五。那是個(gè)秋日的下午，日色朦朧，

6、埃德加 斯諾骨灰的一部分回到了北京大學(xué)校園并永遠(yuǎn)地安放在這里；他年輕時(shí)曾在這里的新聞系任教，當(dāng)時(shí)北京大學(xué)還叫“燕京大學(xué)”。,12,例2：It is hardly possible here to summarize his ideas. Suffice it to point out that they constitute a dependable response to the demands of a crisis which steadily increases the feelings of helplessness and hopelessness of the individua

7、l by asserting his primacy and supremacy and open up a perspective of restoring sanity and decency in public life. (M.N. Roy: Memoirs) 【譯文】此時(shí)此地，我們不可能概述他的思想。只要說明這一點(diǎn)就夠了：人們由于主張個(gè)人第一、個(gè)人至上，這就日益增加了求助無門和失去希望的情緒，于是產(chǎn)生了危機(jī)，而他的思想就是對(duì)這種危機(jī)的出現(xiàn)所作出的可靠反應(yīng)；同時(shí)，他的思想也在人們的生活中開創(chuàng)了恢復(fù)理性與公正的前景。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,13,1. Nor is the importance of

8、 trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. 【譯文】無論是中國還是美國，都不會(huì)縮小貿(mào)易的重要性。,課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,14,2.My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. 【譯文】幾乎是毫無意識(shí)地，我用手指撫摸著我所熟悉的葉片和花朵，這新長的葉子和新開的花朵迎來了

9、南方美好的春天。,課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,15,3.They say a person needs just three things to be truly happy in this world. Someone to love, something to do and something to hope for. 【譯文】話說，人生幸福只需三條：有所愛，有所為，有所盼。,課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,16,4.He smiled at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with

10、 an emotion she was afraid to identify. 【譯文】聽了這話，她笑了，雙唇合成一條曲線，露出一副悔恨的樣子。但兩眼仍熠熠發(fā)光，脈脈含情。這種感情她不敢認(rèn)同。,課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,17,課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,5Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was

11、reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, “and what is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?” 【譯文】愛麗絲無所事事，跟姐姐一起閑坐岸邊，開始感到厭倦了。姐姐正在看書，她瞥了一兩眼，但是那書上并沒有圖畫或?qū)υ?。愛麗絲想，一本書中如果沒有圖畫或是對(duì)話，那它又有什么用呢？,小節(jié)結(jié)束,18,2. 2 流暢表達(dá) (Fluency in Expressing),表達(dá)就是準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧，以規(guī)范的漢語體現(xiàn)原文的內(nèi)容，

12、從而使所譯的東西在內(nèi)容和形式上成為有機(jī)的統(tǒng)一體。,19,例1：He came up to her, his red face, with its bloodshot eyes, thrust forward, and gripped her arms. She cried in fear of him, struggled to be free. (D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers) 【譯文】他走上前去，眼睛充滿血絲，滿臉通紅地湊到她面前，一把抓住她的胳膊。她嚇得叫了起來，掙扎著想脫身。,20,例2：Go back to Mississippi, go back

13、to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the diff

14、iculties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” (Martin Luther

15、King: I Have a Dream),21,【譯文】讓我們回到密西西比去，回到亞拉巴馬去，回到南卡羅來納去，回到佐治亞去，回到路易斯安娜去，回到我們北方城市中的貧民區(qū)和少數(shù)民族居住區(qū)去。要牢記，這種狀況是能夠，也必將改變的。我們不要陷入絕望而不可自拔。 朋友們，今天我對(duì)你們說，在此時(shí)此刻，我們雖然遭受種種困難和挫折，我仍然有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想。這個(gè)夢(mèng)想是深深扎根于美國的夢(mèng)想中的。 我夢(mèng)想有一天，這個(gè)國家會(huì)站起來，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)其信條的真諦：“我們認(rèn)為這些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等?！?小節(jié)結(jié)束,22,翻譯過程中要注意的問題：,關(guān)鍵詞的表達(dá) 短語的表達(dá) 句子的表達(dá) 整體表達(dá),23,2. 2. 1 關(guān)鍵

16、詞的表達(dá),例1：He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. (Brian Crozier: De Gaulle) 【譯文】他生性樂觀， 身材魁梧，貪食貪杯又貪色。,24,例2：I wanted to be a man, and a man I am. 【譯文】我立志想做個(gè)真正的人；我現(xiàn)在終于成了一個(gè)真正的人。,25,例3：She was dancing gracefully in the room. 【譯文】她正在房間里跳舞，動(dòng)作非常優(yōu)雅。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,26,1.He excels others in

17、 every expect. 【譯文】他在各方面都優(yōu)于他人。 2. I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness. 【譯文】這么魯莽無禮，沒完沒了，真讓我生氣。,課堂互動(dòng)2 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,27,課堂互動(dòng)2 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,3China is a very big country with a very big population. 【譯文】中國幅員遼闊，人口眾多。,28,課堂互動(dòng)2 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,4The key to everything is patienc

18、e. You get the chicken by hatching the egg not by smashing it. 【譯文】耐心是一切的關(guān)鍵。小雞是從蛋里孵出來的，不是把蛋殼敲破取出來的。,29,課堂互動(dòng)2 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,5Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 【譯文】讀史使人明智，讀詩使

19、人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯和修辭使人善辯，能夠爭論。（王佐良譯）,小節(jié)結(jié)束,30,2. 2. 2 短語的表達(dá),例1：He has paid the debt of nature. 【譯文】他已經(jīng)死了。,31,例2：The explorers worked their way up the mountain. 【譯文】勘探人員十分艱難地慢慢地爬上高山。,32,例3：Dance music began to play, Sarah was the only woman present, and she had her work cut out. (W.S.Churchi

20、ll: The Second War) 【譯文】舞曲響起來了，薩拉是在場(chǎng)的惟一女性，她可真給“忙”壞了。,33,例4：My hand moved by mistake and I spilled my drink on my leg. 【譯文】我失手把飲料撒到了腿上。,34,例5：So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. (Helen Keller: Three Days to See) 【譯文】我們就這樣終日忙碌于雞毛蒜皮的瑣碎小事，幾乎沒有意識(shí)到我們對(duì)待生命的態(tài)度是消

21、極冷漠的。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,35,1A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25. His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients. 【譯文】男人在25歲前的10年中身體最棒、肌肉最結(jié)實(shí)、對(duì)感冒和傳染病的抵御力最強(qiáng)、身體攝取營養(yǎng)的效率最高。,課堂互動(dòng)3 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,36,2After singing, she sit

22、s on audiences hands. 【譯文】唱完歌，觀眾不給她鼓掌。 3Every time he comes to New York, he wants to paint the town red. 【譯文】每次來紐約，他都要痛飲一番。,課堂互動(dòng)3 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,37,4The game was rained off. 【譯文】比賽因雨暫停舉行。 5In the moment of fire，telephone the message to 119. 【譯文】如有火情，請(qǐng)撥打火警電話119。,課堂互動(dòng)3 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,小節(jié)結(jié)束,38,2. 2. 3 句子的表達(dá),例

23、1：His learning I admire, but his character I despise. 【譯文】他的學(xué)識(shí)我佩服，但他的人格我鄙視。,39,例2：The thought of returning filled me with fear. 【譯文】一想到還要返回，我心里就害怕。,40,例3：Ive been giving the thought some consideration. 【譯文】我一直在考慮這個(gè)問題。,41,例4：The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the Englis

24、h language. 【譯文】現(xiàn)在，英國已不再是那個(gè)“日不落”帝國了，但是，英語卻在廣泛使用著。,42,例5：Environmental degradation and population growth, with consequent increase in demand for water, have contributed to a shortage of good quality fresh water. 【譯文】環(huán)境退化和人口增長，以及隨之而來的對(duì)水的需求不斷增加，這使得優(yōu)質(zhì)淡水的短缺變得更為嚴(yán)重。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,43,1. Everyone recognizes the impor

25、tance of speaking English well. In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English, but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by writing. 【譯文】人人都知道講一口流利的英語有多重要。在學(xué)校，我們學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)的主要內(nèi)容之一是讀寫英語，殊不知在日常生活中我們與人交流思

26、想時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)說比寫的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。,課堂互動(dòng)4 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,44,2Imagination will often carry us to worlds that never were. But without it, we go nowhere. 【譯文】幻想常把我們帶入虛無之鄉(xiāng)，而缺乏想象又會(huì)使我們駐足不前。,課堂互動(dòng)4 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,45,3There are only three types of people: those who make things happen, those who watch things happen and those who say,

27、“ What happened? ” 【譯文】世上只有三種人：實(shí)干者，旁觀者，打探者。,課堂互動(dòng)4 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,46,課堂互動(dòng)4 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,4. The real art of conversation is not only to say the right thing in the right place, but to leave the wrong thing unsaid at the tempting moment. 【譯文】談話的藝術(shù)不僅是善于分別場(chǎng)合，說話得當(dāng)，而且要在忍不住的場(chǎng)合強(qiáng)忍下不得當(dāng)?shù)脑挕?47,課堂互動(dòng)4 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,5. Ki

28、nd hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits. 【譯文】仁慈的心腸是花園；高尚的情操是根基；友好的話語是花朵；慷慨的行為是碩果。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,48,2. 2. 4 整體表達(dá),例1：All the summer world was bright and fresh. There was a song in every heart; there was cheer in every face and a spring in ev

29、ery step. (Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer ) 【譯文】整個(gè)的夏季世界顯得光明燦爛，生氣勃勃。人人心里哼著小調(diào)，個(gè)個(gè)臉上都流露著喜色，走路步履充滿活力。,49,例2：I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. (

30、Herman Melville: Bartleby, the Scrivener) 【譯文】由于職業(yè)和私人交往，我認(rèn)識(shí)了不少這樣的人。要是我興致所至，就可講出他們各自的故事經(jīng)歷，好心溫厚者聞之，準(zhǔn)會(huì)莞爾而笑；多愁善感的人兒聽了，就會(huì)潸然淚下。,50,例3:To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

31、And by opposing end them. (Shakespeare: Hamlet) 【譯文】生存還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)值得考慮的問題；默然忍受命運(yùn)的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的無涯的苦難，通過斗爭把它們掃清；這兩種行為，哪一種更高貴？（朱生豪譯）,51,例4It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bees and flower and

32、ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, each in its own time and motionless rhythm. 【譯文】綠草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，這日子是如此清新可愛；蜜蜂無語，春花不聲，海波歌歇，大地聲寂，這日子是如此平靜安謐。然而，并非靜謐，因?yàn)槿f物以其特有的節(jié)奏，或動(dòng)、或搖、或震、或起、或伏，平衡協(xié)調(diào)。,52,例5：Rebeccas wit, cleverness, and flippancy made her speedily the

33、 vogue in London among a certain class. You saw demure chariots at her door, out of which stepped very great people. You beheld her carriage in the Park, surrounded by dandies of note. The little box in the third tier of the Opera was crowed with heads constantly changing; but it must be confessed t

34、hat the ladies held aloof from her, and that their doors were shut to our little adventurer. (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【譯文】利蓓人又聰明，小嘴又俏皮，喜歡油嘴滑舌地說笑話，在倫敦自有人捧她，立刻就成了這些人里面的尖兒。她門前常常停著一輛輛馬車，行止十分掩密，里面走出來的全是大闊人。她常常在公園兜風(fēng)，馬車旁邊擠滿了有名的花花公子。她在歌劇院三層樓有個(gè)小包廂，里面總有一大堆人，而且每次不同?？烧f句實(shí)話所有的太太們看她不是個(gè)正經(jīng)貨，從來不和她打交道。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,53

35、,1School is not easy and it is not for the most part very much fun, but then, if you are very lucky, you may find a real teacher. Three real teachers in a lifetime are the very best of my luck. (英語世界，N0.5, 1992) 【譯文】上學(xué)可不是件輕松的事，而且大部分也沒什么趣味；不過要是你的造化好，也許會(huì)碰上個(gè)真正的好老師。我最大的幸運(yùn)，就是一生中有過三位這樣的好老師。,課堂互動(dòng)5 ：翻譯句子（參考

36、譯文）,54,2. But what really is a clone? A clone is born from an embryo, which is genetically identical to the donor animal and is carried to term by a surrogate mother. The resulting newborn animal is essentially an identical twin of the donor “parent” with the same similarities and differences of suc

37、h twins in that species. Whatever the case, animal-cloning knowledge is growing rapidly and certainly holds applications we have not even imagines today. The ability to reprogram a cells DNA may be one of the most significant biological achievements of the 20th Century. 【譯文】可是，克隆動(dòng)物究竟是怎么回事？克隆動(dòng)物來自基因與供

38、體動(dòng)物相同的一個(gè)胚胎，該胚胎由另一母體代孕至足月。由此而來的新生命本質(zhì)上是供體“父母” 的同卵雙生，具有該動(dòng)物孿生者之異同。 無論事實(shí)如何，動(dòng)物克隆技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速，其廣闊的應(yīng)用當(dāng)今人難以想象。重組細(xì)胞的DNA也許是20世紀(jì)最重大的生物學(xué)成就之一。,課堂互動(dòng)5 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,55,3My father had particularly large hands. Oil often was pounded into his palms, his fingers, filling every crease and fold. Buddy, as he was called, would sc

39、rub with soap, but the oil wouldnt give. His hands were covered with scars, healing cuts, and freshly blackened nails. The cuts were of the sort and size that would send me, and most likely you as well, to the emergency room for stitches; for Buddy, they were commonplace. 【譯文】我們都把父親叫“大哥”。父親的一雙大手，真是大

40、得出奇，常常沾滿了機(jī)油，甚至連掌紋、指甲縫里都是。父親總是用肥皂使勁地搓洗雙手機(jī)油可不容易洗掉。父親的手傷痕累累，舊疤沒掉，又添新傷，指甲常常是青的青，紫的紫。有時(shí)，父親的手傷得很厲害，傷口大得嚇人，要是換了我或者別人，肯定會(huì)跑到急診室去縫針了，可父親從來就不往心里去。,課堂互動(dòng)5 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,56,4. He read over and over all the letters which he ever had from herletters of business relative to the little property which he had made her be

41、lieve her husband had left to herbrief notes of invitationevery scrap of writing that she had ever sent to himhow cold, how kind, how hopeless, how selfish they were! (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【譯文】 他拿出她所有的信來反反復(fù)復(fù)地看。有的信上是關(guān)于怎么處置她那一小筆財(cái)產(chǎn)的問題（他仍舊騙她說是丈夫留給她的遺產(chǎn)）；有的是從前給他的請(qǐng)?zhí)?；只要是從她那里寄來的，有她筆跡的小紙片，他都拿出來看了又看

42、。她的口氣多么冷淡，多么和藹，多么自私，多么令人絕望!,課堂互動(dòng)5 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,57,5. There are many things that we do in our own culture that we never ask questions about. We do things without thinking about them because we have always done them in the same way. When we are in another culture or with people from a different culture

43、, we see that people do things in many different ways. One of the first differences we notice is the forms of address that are used in the culture. The language that people use to address each other tells us many things about a culture. 【譯文】在自己的文化里我們所做的很多事從不需要問為什么，做事時(shí)也不需考慮什么，因?yàn)槲覀兺猛瑯拥姆绞教幚磉@些事情。而當(dāng)我們處

44、于另一種文化中或與來自另一種文化的人交往時(shí)，我們就可以看出，人們做事的方式不盡相同。我們首先注意到的是不同文化的人相互稱呼的方式不同。人們相互稱呼時(shí)所使用的語言可反映出某一文化的豐富內(nèi)涵。,課堂互動(dòng)5 ：翻譯句子（參考譯文）,58,翻譯的基本功： 基本詞匯、基本語法、基本知識(shí)（史地文哲、社會(huì)自然、風(fēng)土人情等）。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,59,審校就是檢查譯文有無遺漏丟失、錯(cuò)譯誤譯、前后矛盾、關(guān)系混亂、文體邏輯等方面的問題；同時(shí)還要潤色文字，在譯文的“傳達(dá)”上下功夫，力求用詞貼切，文從字順，增強(qiáng)譯語的可讀性。,2. 3 認(rèn)真審校 (Proofreading ones own past is a gradual

45、ly increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and ones mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true. (to be continued),課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,70,The other thing to be avoided is clingin

46、g to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean

47、that one should be without interest in them, but ones interest should be contemplative and, if possible philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this dif

48、ficult. (to be continued),課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,71,I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exer

49、cised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be emp

50、ty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. ( Bertrand Russell: A Successful Old Age),課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,72,【譯文1】 談到健康，我講不出金玉良言，因?yàn)樽约荷儆胁』?。我這人吃喝隨心，醒睡隨意，雖然仔細(xì)論來個(gè)人愛好于健康多無大害，但卻從不刻意去養(yǎng)生保健。 從心理學(xué)的角度講，老年人有兩忌。一忌過分懷舊。耽于記憶，哀嘆舊日，傷懷亡友，這些皆不足取。人要有意識(shí)地向前看，有意識(shí)地去想仍能有所為之事。當(dāng)然，這也并非易事。過往的歲月，在我們肩上逐日加重著分量。我們總

51、是認(rèn)定情感已不復(fù)往昔纖細(xì)，頭腦亦有欠敏銳。倘若真是如此，這話早該被忘記才對(duì)；而若人們連這話都記不起，想來話本身也就不會(huì)真有道理。 老年人第二忌：切忌抓住青年人不放，以求從其青春中汲取活力。兒女一旦長大，就想有自己的生活，如果這時(shí)做父母的還像關(guān)心小孩子一樣對(duì)他們面面俱到，就有淪為負(fù)擔(dān)之嫌。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,73,當(dāng)然，特例也有，有的兒女對(duì)此就不以為意。我這里不是主張為人父母者不再去關(guān)心子女，而是建議父母應(yīng)從思想上去關(guān)心子女，如果有能力的話從經(jīng)濟(jì)上去扶持子女。過分地在感情上去關(guān)心他們的做法并非上選。動(dòng)物的幼崽一旦學(xué)會(huì)自理，母獸就聽之任之；但人由于嬰兒期長的緣故，父母往往很難對(duì)子女完全放手。

52、 我認(rèn)為有一種人最易將老年活得成功。這種人不拘泥于切身利害，而是依性之所好投入到適宜的活動(dòng)之中。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人只有在從事這些興趣愛好時(shí)，長期積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)才真正得以結(jié)出果實(shí)，歲月的智慧也最終得以自由流淌。教訓(xùn)長大的子女不要犯錯(cuò)只是徒勞。一是他們不再聽從，二是從錯(cuò)誤中求教訓(xùn)本是學(xué)習(xí)之核心。但如若你沒有個(gè)人愛好，就難免以一味顧念兒孫來填補(bǔ)生活的空虛寞落了。（王巍譯）,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,74,【譯文2】 談到健康問題，我就沒有什么可說的了，因?yàn)槲覜]怎么生過病。我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睜不開了就睡覺，從來不為對(duì)身體有益而搞什么活動(dòng)，然而實(shí)際上我喜歡做的事大都是有助于增進(jìn)身體健康的。 從

53、心理方面來說，到了老年，有兩種危險(xiǎn)傾向需要注意防止，一是過分地懷念過去，老想著過去，總覺得過去怎么好，或者總是為已故的朋友而憂傷，這是不妥的。一個(gè)人應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮未來，考慮一些可以有所作為的事情。要做到這一點(diǎn)并非總是很容易的；自己過去的經(jīng)歷就是一個(gè)越來越沉重的包袱。人們往往會(huì)對(duì)自己說，我過去感情多么豐富，思想多么敏銳，現(xiàn)在不行了。如果真是這樣的話，那就不要去想它，而如果你不去想它，情形就很可能不是這樣了。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,75,另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年輕人呆在一起，希望從青年的活力中汲取力量。孩子長大之后，就希望獨(dú)立生活，如果你還像他們年幼時(shí)那樣關(guān)心他們，你就會(huì)成為他們的累贅，除非他們

54、特別麻木不仁。我不是說一個(gè)人不應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)心孩子，而是說這種關(guān)心主要應(yīng)該是多為他們著想，可能的話，給他們一些接濟(jì)，而不應(yīng)該過分地動(dòng)感情。動(dòng)物，一旦它們的后代能夠自己照顧自己，它們就不管了；但是人，由于撫養(yǎng)子女的時(shí)間長，是難以這樣做的。 我認(rèn)為，如果老年人對(duì)于個(gè)人以外的事情懷有強(qiáng)烈的興趣，并參加適當(dāng)?shù)幕顒?dòng)，他們的晚年是最容易過得好的。在這一方面，他們由于閱歷深，是能夠真正做得卓有成效的，也正是在這一方面，他們從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中得出的智慧既可以發(fā)揮作用，又不致使人感到強(qiáng)加于人。告誡成年的子女不要犯錯(cuò)誤，那是沒有用的，一來他們不聽你的，二來犯錯(cuò)誤本身也是受教育的一個(gè)重要方面。但是如果你這個(gè)人對(duì)于個(gè)人以外的事情不發(fā)生

55、興趣，就會(huì)感到生活空虛，除非你老惦記著兒孫。（莊繹傳譯）,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,76,【譯文3】 提及健康這個(gè)話題，本人既少有病痛，故而并無忠告。飲食方面，我從不忌口；睡眠之道，惟“想睡就睡”一條。盡管本人愛做之事，大抵皆有益健康，但我從不刻意經(jīng)營養(yǎng)生之道。 就心理層面而言，人屆老年有兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)，須得小心在意。一為沉湎過往。老是想當(dāng)年、傷舊時(shí)、念亡友，根本于事無補(bǔ)。人一定要放眼未來，想想人生中尚得發(fā)揮之處。當(dāng)然這并不容易；年歲漸長，過往必定日多于生命之比重。與現(xiàn)時(shí)相較，人總自覺往日比較熱情易感、靈敏便給，如所言確是，當(dāng)便拋諸腦后；設(shè)若得以相忘，或便不盡屬實(shí)。 另外尚有一危險(xiǎn)，亦即糾纏年輕人不放

56、，有似試圖藉由其生命力，返老還春。孩子大了，皆望自有一片天，如果父母還將其視若幼童，整日價(jià)噓寒問暖，那么除非子女麻木異常，否則這樣的關(guān)心即形同負(fù)擔(dān)。然此并不意味，為人父母當(dāng)此際應(yīng)對(duì)兒女不聞不問，而是謂關(guān)心應(yīng)存乎內(nèi)斂含蓄，其人盡可即之也溫，其情但求適可而止。百獸一覺幼兒得以自立，總是放手令以自力更生，然人類因嬰兒期較長之故，殊難割舍親情。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,77,個(gè)人深覺，若能超脫于上述兒女興趣，積極從事合宜活動(dòng)，晚年生活最易圓滿。生命走到這里，長期經(jīng)驗(yàn)真正稱得上成果豐碩；也只有到此時(shí)，一個(gè)人從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中累積的智慧，發(fā)揮起來才真如春陽融雪，不勉人以強(qiáng)。孩子大了，欲其不犯錯(cuò)根本無用，一來父母言語

57、有如耳邊風(fēng)；二來教育之道本是“錯(cuò)中學(xué)” 。設(shè)若不能自外于兒孫，自娛老懷，一顆心怕只有藉著關(guān)注兒孫，方始有著落之處。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,78,三種不同譯文的分析比較（僅供參考） 這是一篇談?dòng)嘘P(guān)健康問題的英語短文，三篇漢語譯文對(duì)英語短文的理解透徹，短語句子，段落整體，表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確；不完全受英語原文結(jié)構(gòu)形式約束又不脫離原文所表達(dá)的意思，拆句斷句，并合重組，處理靈活；直譯意譯共用，歸化異化并舉，譯文古今兼收；漢語譯文體現(xiàn)了“信、達(dá)、雅”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。應(yīng)該說，這三篇譯文各有所長，譯得很好，都是英漢翻譯參考的好范文。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,79,【譯文1】 選詞遣字，很有講究，略帶文采，譯文揮灑自如，優(yōu)

58、雅精煉。比如Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.（從心理學(xué)的角度講，老年人有兩忌。一忌過分懷舊。）英語原文有36句，而譯文共55句，表現(xiàn)了漢語重“意合”的特點(diǎn)。就是有點(diǎn)過于文氣，似有迂腐之嫌，今人難以接受。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,80,【譯文2】 沒有華麗的詞藻、文雅的語言，猶如平日談話聊天，讀起來輕松愉快、和藹可親、順暢自然，非常符合現(xiàn)代人的口味，很容易接受。比如I eat and drink

59、whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.（我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睜不開了就睡覺。）這和【譯文1】的“我這人吃喝隨心，醒睡隨意”相比，“雅”似乎遜色一點(diǎn)。譯文共46句，但字?jǐn)?shù)偏多，顯得平平淡淡，不夠精煉。,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,81,【譯文3】 照顧了【譯文1】的“雅”,兼容了【譯文2 】的“平”。如 “ 飲食方面，我從不忌口；睡眠之道，惟 想睡就睡 一條”，這種譯法容易讓人接受。譯文共67句，句多字少，很精煉，不啰嗦，但有些句子的翻譯晦澀難懂，不夠順暢。,小節(jié)結(jié)束,課堂互動(dòng)6 ：課堂討論,82,翻譯是一項(xiàng)進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)造的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，有許多事情需要腳踏實(shí)地地去做，只有不斷探索、不斷實(shí)踐、不斷總結(jié)，才能走出一條成功之道來。,83,1) We refused to take the advice and failed. 【