1、名 詞(Noun),名詞重點(diǎn)掌握： 1、名詞的分類(lèi) 2、名詞的數(shù) 3、名詞的格 4、名詞的句法作用,一、名詞的分類(lèi) 什么是名詞？ 名詞是表示人,事物,地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。,普通名詞,專(zhuān)有名詞: English, the United Nations, Zhongshan Park,個(gè)體名詞：tree, city, teacher,集體名詞：class, family, team,物質(zhì)名詞：paper, bread, light,抽象名詞：truth, health, music,名 詞,可數(shù)名詞,不可數(shù)名詞,4)抽象名詞:表示動(dòng)作,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念,專(zhuān)有名詞: 表示具體的人,事物,地

2、點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(chēng)的詞,普通名詞: 表示某些人,某類(lèi)事物,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。,個(gè)體名詞: 表示單個(gè)的人和事物。,2) 集體名詞: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱(chēng)。,3) 物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。,二、名詞的數(shù),1) 名詞后直接加-s。 desks dogs apples days 以-s , -x, -ch, -sh結(jié)尾的名詞加-es buses watches boxes classes dishes 3) 以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的名詞,先把y變成i,再加上-es factories countries cities babies 4) 以“元音字母y”結(jié)尾的名詞

3、，或以y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞直接加-s boys days Germanys,(一)可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成方式：,7,5)以”輔音字母o”結(jié)尾的名詞，加-es heroes tomatoes potatoes Negroes zeroes Heroes and Negroes eat tomatoes and potatoes. 大多數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的外來(lái)詞，縮略詞直接加-s. radios photos pianos 6)以“oo”結(jié)尾的名詞后加 s. zoos bamboos 7)以f和fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)有三種情況： a)直接加-s. 一個(gè)首領(lǐng)(chief) 在海灣(gulf)的懸崖(cliff)上發(fā)現(xiàn)

4、一個(gè)屋頂(roof)上面有個(gè)保險(xiǎn)箱(safe)。,8)以th結(jié)尾的名詞后直接加-s. 長(zhǎng)元音后讀z;短元音和輔音后讀s mouths paths baths months 9)不規(guī)則變化 a) footfeet toothteeth childchildren mousemice man-men,b)變f或fe 為-ves. 一個(gè)賊人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒著生命(life)危險(xiǎn)用半(half)片樹(shù)葉(leaf)似的小刀(knife)殺死了一只狼(wolf)。 c)handkerchief的復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種。 handkerchiefs handkerchieves,b) 單復(fù)數(shù)同形

5、sheep deer fish means c) 表示“某國(guó)人”的名詞。 中日友誼是一致(單復(fù)數(shù)同形) Chinese Japanese Swiss 英法聯(lián)盟a改e Englishman Frenchman 其它一般加-s Germans Americans d)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù) boy friend gold watch passer -by sister -in-law go-between man doctor woman singer,s,es,s,s,s,men doctors,women singers,(二) 不可數(shù)名詞的應(yīng)用 一般情況: 不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，前面不與不定冠詞a

6、(n)連用，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Milk is my favorite food. Water is very important to us all. 特殊情況： 1)如果不可數(shù)名詞表示特指，則必須與定冠詞(the)或其它限定詞連用。 The milk in the cup has gone bad. He was pleased with my advice.,11,2) 當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞表示個(gè)體時(shí)，必須使用單位名詞(量詞)。 a piece of advice / bread / chalk / news etc. a pair of glasses / shoes / trou

7、sers etc. two bottles of ink / milk /wine etc. 3)部分帶有形容詞修飾語(yǔ)的不可數(shù)名詞可以用來(lái)表示“一種”,“一段”,“一類(lèi)”等，常與不定冠詞a(n)連用。 for a long time take a great interest live a hard life,12,下面不可數(shù)名詞不可與不定冠詞連用 good advice fine weather great fun 4)有些名詞的用法隨意義變化而不同。 beauty(美麗) a beauty(美人) coffee(咖啡) a coffee(一杯咖啡) glass (玻璃) a glass (

8、玻璃杯) man (人類(lèi)) a man (男人) iron (鐵) an iron (熨斗) 5)有些名詞表示抽象意義時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞；表示具體人或事是可數(shù)名詞。 danger worry success victory etc.,抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如： 抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(個(gè)體名詞,可數(shù)名詞) _ 驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事 win success獲得成功 _一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事) win honor贏得榮譽(yù) _一個(gè)(件)引以為榮的(事) _失敗 a failure失敗者 by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) _一次經(jīng)歷 youth青春

9、a youth一個(gè)青年人 have pity on sb.憐憫某人 a pity可惜的事情 _樂(lè)意 a pleasure樂(lè)事,in surprise,a success,an honor,failure,an experience,with pleasure,抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類(lèi)別。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me? It is a waste

10、 of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.,6)有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別的意義。 papers(報(bào)紙，稿件) works(工廠，作品) times(時(shí)代) drinks(飲料) manners(禮貌) 7) word用做“消息”“通知”不與冠詞連用，也不用復(fù)數(shù)。 Word came that the meeting would be held on Friday. keep ones word have a word/a few words with sb. ha

11、ve words with sb. in a word leave word in other words,備注：有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如。 goods(貨物) glasses(眼鏡) compasses(圓規(guī)) thanks(感謝) clothes(衣服) remains (遺物，遺體) trousers(褲子),守信,與某人說(shuō)話(huà),與某人吵嘴,留言,簡(jiǎn)而言之,換句話(huà)說(shuō),三、名詞所有格 表示名詞間的所有關(guān)系“ 的” (一)名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法 1.單數(shù)名詞后加“s” Toms book my friends uncle 2.以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加“ ”即可 Teachers Day

12、two weeks holiday 3.不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,仍按慣例加“ s” Children s Day mens shoes,4.用of加名詞，構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系的短語(yǔ)，主要用于表示無(wú)生命名詞的所有關(guān)系 a picture of the classroom the door of the barns 書(shū)名_ 墻的顏色_,the title of the book,the color of the wall,5. “s”所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后， todays newspaper ten dollars worth of coffee 五分鐘的

13、行程_ 五鎊重_ 用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如： the worlds population Chinas industry New Yorks parks,five minutes walk (drive),five pounds weight,6. 雙重所有格： 當(dāng)of前面的名詞有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞如 a, an, this, that, these, those, which, what, any, some, several, no, few, another, two, three, four等修飾時(shí)，用雙重所有格，雙重所有格只用于表示人的名詞

14、并且都是特指的。 a poem of Lu Xuns Which novel of Dickens are you reading? 他/她的一個(gè)朋友_ 我哥哥的一些朋友 _,a friend of his/hers,some friends of my brothers,(二)名詞所有格的幾個(gè)注意點(diǎn) 1.可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn), 地點(diǎn)名詞習(xí)慣上省略 my aunts ( home） (我姑姑家） go to the teachers ( office) (去老師辦公室） 2.有些名詞的所有格可用兩種形式 the cats name / the name of the cat Chinas c

15、apital/ the capital of China,3.表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“s” Lucy and Lilys room 請(qǐng)區(qū)別: Lucys and Lilys rooms,四、名詞的用法,_：The children are playing under the tree. _: a) She opens the window at five every morning. b) He looks after the child. _: Her daughter is a singer. _: They name the boy Tom. 主補(bǔ) He is consid

16、ered an excellent writer. _: That is a bicycle factory. _: Well have a meeting this evening . _: The city, Beijing, is our capital .,主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓補(bǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ),23,名詞做定語(yǔ) 表材料、地點(diǎn)、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時(shí)間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語(yǔ)，一般用單數(shù)形式。 e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（紙幣）；country music（鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school

17、 gate（校門(mén)口）；book stores（書(shū)店）；traffic lights（交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚禮服）。 但在個(gè)別情況下，也有需用復(fù)數(shù)的。 e.g. sports meet（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）；the United States government（美國(guó)政府）；students reading-room（學(xué)生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車(chē)）；two men doctors（兩個(gè)男醫(yī)生）。,名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)注意名詞的數(shù)，避免主謂不一致。 Her family is a large one and her family are a

18、ll teachers. 她家是一個(gè)大家庭,她的家人都是老師。 There is a pair of glasses on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡,25,主謂一致,1.語(yǔ)法形式上的一致,主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式,例如：Jane and Mary _alike.,The number of the students in our school _3500.,2.意義上的一致,1)主語(yǔ)雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),例如：The people _ waiting for the bus.,單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞有：,people, pol

19、ice, cattle,are,is,are,26,2) 主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),例如： The news _very exciting .,形復(fù)意單的詞有：news, works(工廠)和一些-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)，如physics, politics, economics等,3.就近原則,就是謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ),如連詞 or, eitheror, neithernor. not onlybut also等連接的并列主語(yǔ),例如：Not only the students but also the teacher _the film. (like),like

20、s,Either your sister or your friends _it.(know),know,is,27,4.應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題,A)名詞作主語(yǔ),1）某些集體名詞，如family, team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果就其中的一個(gè)個(gè)成員個(gè)體而言，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,例如：His family _very large.,The whole family _watching TV,這類(lèi)詞有：audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, government, group, public, team, party,i

21、s,are,28,另外，population 這個(gè)詞使用情況類(lèi)似,85 percent of the population in China _peasants.,The population of China_ large.,“a group/crowd of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語(yǔ)之后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也是既可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體；后者強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,2）某些集體名詞，如people, police, cattle 等，只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù),The police are searching for the murderer.,The people in China _living a ha

22、ppy life.,are,is,are,29,3）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義決定單復(fù)數(shù),The sheep _over there.,Some sheep _over there.,4) 當(dāng)名詞詞組的中心詞為表示度量衡、距離、金額、時(shí)間、書(shū)名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些名詞看所一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。,Three years has passed.,The Selected Poems of Li Bai _published long ago.,20,000 dollars _a large amount of money.,is,are,was,is,

23、30,5)不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞即使以and 或逗號(hào)連接成多主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式,Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.,6)如果主語(yǔ)有more than one 或many a構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式,More than one student has seen the film.,Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.,但是“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)

24、形式,More members than one _against your plan.,are,31,7)一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors 等，但是如果主語(yǔ)用a kind of, a pair of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù),Her clothes _fit her well.,A pair of shoes _on the desk.,8) this kind of book=a book of this kind 謂

25、語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 this kind of men=men of this kind,單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù),“all kinds of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),are,is,32,This kind of man _dangerous.,Men of this kind_ dangerous.,is,are,9)復(fù)數(shù)形式的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，按照意義一致的原則。如works, species, Chinese, Japanese，means等,This /The glass works_ set up in 1999.,was,These glass works_near the river.,ar

26、e,當(dāng)它們前面有 a, such a, this, that 修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；有all, such, these, those 修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),33,10)如果all, most, half, rest修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；如修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),All of my classmates_hard. (study),study,All of the milk_for you. (leave),is left,11)在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致,Between the two rooms_a picture. (hang),hangs,B)由連

27、接詞連接的名詞作主語(yǔ),12）用and 或bothand 連接并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式,Both walking and riding_good exercises.,are,34,但是，并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人，同一事物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，這時(shí)and后的名詞無(wú)冠詞,Truth and honesty_the best policy. (be),is,His teacher and friend_a doctor. (be),is,13)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面有as well as, together with, but, except, besides, including, in

28、 addition to, rather than, like, along with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)依主語(yǔ)而定,The teacher as well as the students _excited.,The room with its furniture _rented.,Mr. Smith, together with his three children _going to come to this party.,is,is,is,35,14)以or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的

29、單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)就近一致的原則,Either you or I _to go. (be),am,Neither you nor I nor anybody else _anything about it. (know),knows,C) 代詞作主語(yǔ),15）名詞性物主代詞連接的動(dòng)詞，既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)，取決于它所代替的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),Your shoes are black, while mine are brown.,16)such,the same起指示代詞作用時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指代的內(nèi)容來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù),36,Such _our plan. / Such_his words.,is,are,17)關(guān)系

30、代詞who, which, that等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致,Those who want to go please sign your names here.,He spent the money that is given by his mother on books.,18)疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)說(shuō)話(huà)人所表達(dá)的意思來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù),-Who _(live) in the next door?,-Its Tom,-Who _ (live) in the next door?,-Its Tom and Jack.,Whic

31、h is (are) your book(s)?,live,lives,37,19)不定代詞any,either,neither,none,all,some, more等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有以下兩種情況：, 單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，視其在句中的意義，可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù),All are present now. Now all has changed., 但是與of連用，若of后的賓語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但是如果后的賓語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，則單復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都可以，單數(shù)更常見(jiàn),Do(es) any of you know his address?,None of my friends smoke(s).,38,D)分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作

32、主語(yǔ),20）“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, half of+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與短語(yǔ)中of后的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。這是因?yàn)槎陶Z(yǔ)后的詞是中心詞，前面的量詞是修飾語(yǔ),About three-fourths of the surface of the earth _with water. (cover),is covered,Three-fifths of the workers here_women. (be),are,比較a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞與 the number o

33、f+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,A number of the students_the film.(see),have seen,The number of the students present_200. (be),is,39,注意:(large) quantities of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù),Large quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.,21)a great deal of, a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)；large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù),A large amount of (A great d